Practicegraduate

Indian Knowledge System

Guess paper sets — practise one set at a time.

सेट 1

Set 1 · college internal 50 · IKS5VACT41 · no university written exam. 50 MCQ × 1 mark. Write A, B, C or D. Pass 36% (18/50). English first, then Hindi. After Check paper, copy the model paragraph onto the answer sheet — especially the set Gita slokas in Sanskrit.

50 MCQ · 1 mark each · Units 1–5 · college internal

Q. 1. In the IKS definition, parampara means —

IKS परिभाषा में परंपरा का अर्थ है —

IKS is organised Indian knowledge — jnana, vijnana, jivan-darshan — taught as a living parampara. It is not a closed list of old books.

Q. 2. Traditional knowledge differs from mere custom because it is —

पारंपरिक ज्ञान केवल रीति से अलग है क्योंकि वह —

Traditional knowledge is indigenous, used, and handed on — often orally — as a living skill. Custom without that living skill is not the definition.

Q. 3. The Himalaya as natural heritage first stores snow for —

प्राकृतिक उत्तराधिकार के रूप में हिमालय पहले हिम जमा करता है —

The Himalaya is the northern wall of Bharat Varsha and the snow-store of Sindhu, Ganga and Brahmaputra. Add one peninsular river (Narmada, Godavari or Kaveri) and say mountain and water together are heritage.

Q. 4. Kalibangan on the Ghaggar (Hanumangarh) is known in Unit 1 for —

घग्घर पर कालीबंगा (हनुमानगढ़) इकाई 1 में जानी जाती है —

Kalibangan sits on the Ghaggar in northern Rajasthan. Plough-marks show farmers of Bharat Varsha already in the Harappan age.

Q. 5. A kavu in Kerala or a devara kadu in Karnataka is the same class as —

केरल का कावु या कर्नाटक का देवर काडु उसी वर्ग का है जिसका —

An oran is a sacred grove. Parallel names: kavu (Kerala), devara kadu (Karnataka). A kuhl is irrigation; akaradhyaksha is the mine officer. Forests and minerals are one ecology.

Q. 6. The two ayanas of the civil year are —

नागरिक वर्ष के दो अयन हैं —

Six ritus: vasanta, grishma, varsha, sharad, hemanta, shishira, turning through two ayanas. The agricultural year is timed by the south-west and north-east monsoon. Ritucharya as medical regimen is Unit 3.

Q. 7. Dharampal’s reminder for Unit 1 education is that —

इकाई 1 की शिक्षा के लिए Dharampal याद दिलाते हैं कि —

Teaching did not begin in 1835. India already had indigenous schools. Nalanda as a mahavihara is Unit 4; Dharampal’s later village school is not a Pala monastery.

Q. 8. Harappan civic knowledge, as Bose reads it, includes —

Bose की पढ़त में हड़प्पा नगर-ज्ञान समेटता है —

Sindhu (Harappa): town-plan, drain, weight, bronze, cotton. Sites include Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, Rakhigarhi, Lothal, Kalibangan. Later Ganga plains: iron, wet rice, mahajanapadas.

Q. 9. Muziris was a historic port on the —

मुजिरिस ऐतिहासिक गोदी थी —

West: Lothal, Bharukaccha, Muziris. East: Kaveripattinam, Tamralipti. Traditional knowledge of the coast is monsoon sailing, fishing calendars, boat-timber and salt-pans.

Q. 10. Unit 1 pairs forests and minerals because they are —

इकाई 1 वन और खनिज इसलिए जोड़ती है कि वे हैं —

Forest is timber, herb, grove (oran). Minerals: Harappan bronze, Khetri copper, later iron. The Arthashastra’s akaradhyaksha is the mine officer. Extraction has forest and water consequences.

Q. 11. The four Vedas are —

चार वेद हैं —

Rig: hymns. Yajur: rite-formulae (Shukla and Krishna). Sama: chant, mostly Rig lines. Atharva: house, healing, protection, plants. A Veda-family also has Samhita, Brahmana, Aranyaka, Upanishad.

Q. 12. Shiksha, as a Vedanga, is the science of —

वेदांग के रूप में शिक्षा विज्ञान है —

Six Vedangas: Shiksha (phonetics), Kalpa (ritual, including Shulba geometry), Vyakarana (grammar), Nirukta (word-meaning), Chandas (metre), Jyotisha (time of the rite). Aryabhata is later siddhanta, Unit 5.

Q. 13. The Upanishad layer of a Veda-family chiefly teaches —

वेद-परिवार की उपनिषद् परत मुख्यतः सिखाती है —

Samhita = mantras. Brahmana = how and why the rite is done. Aranyaka = the rite thought at a distance. Upanishad = teaching on self and brahman.

Q. 14. A school is called astika when it —

स्कूल आस्तिक तब कहलाता है जब वह —

Astika = Veda as a pramana. Nastika = it does not take the Veda as authority. Name three nastika streams: Charvaka / Lokayata, Jaina, Bauddha. They remain Indian philosophy.

Q. 15. Nyaya–Vaisheshika, Samkhya–Yoga, Mimamsa–Vedanta are —

न्याय–वैशेषिक, सांख्य–योग, मीमांसा–वेदांत हैं —

Nyaya: right reason. Vaisheshika: padarthas and paramanu (Kanada). Samkhya: purusha–prakriti and the gunas. Yoga: chitta-vritti-nirodha (Patanjali). Purva Mimamsa: Veda as dharma-command (Jaimini). Vedanta: brahman / atman (Shankara is one school, not the only Vedanta).

Q. 16. Charvaka / Lokayata takes as pramana chiefly —

चार्वाक / लोकायत मुख्यतः प्रमाण मानता है —

Charvaka / Lokayata: pratyaksha; the world is material; no full book survives. Jaina: jiva, ahimsa, anekantavada. Bauddha: four noble truths and anatta. Nagarjuna’s Madhyamaka is Unit 5.

Q. 17. In Gita II.70, न कामकामी is the one who —

गीता II.70 में न कामकामी वह है जो —

Write: आपूर्यमाणमचलप्रतिष्ठं समुद्रमापः प्रविशन्ति यद्वत्। तद्वत्कामा यं प्रविशन्ति सर्वे स शान्तिमाप्नोति न कामकामी॥ As waters enter a full still ocean, the one into whom all desires enter attains peace — not the one who runs after desire.

Q. 18. Gita VI.16–17 say yoga belongs to one whose food, movement, work, sleep and waking are —

गीता VI.16–17 कहती हैं योग उसके लिए है जिसका आहार, विहार, कर्म, निद्रा और जागरण —

Write VI.16: नात्यश्नतस्तु योगोऽस्ति न चैकान्तमनश्नतः। न चातिस्वप्नशीलस्य जाग्रतो नैव चार्जुन॥ VI.17: युक्ताहारविहारस्य युक्तचेष्टस्य कर्मसु। युक्तस्वप्नावबोधस्य योगो भवति दुःखहा॥ Yoga is a measured life — not too much food or sleep, and not none.

Q. 19. Gita XVI.5 says daivi sampad is for vimoksha, and asuri sampad is for —

गीता XVI.5 कहती है दैवी संपद् विमोक्ष के लिए है, आसुरी संपद् —

Write XVI.5: दैवी सम्पद्विमोक्षाय निबन्धायासुरी मता। मा शुचः सम्पदं दैवीमभिजातोऽसि पाण्डव॥ XVI.1–3 name daivi marks (abhayam, ahimsa, satya…). XVI.4 names asuri: dambha, darpa, abhimana, krodha, parushya, ajnana. XVI.6 onward is not set.

Q. 20. The line योगः कर्मसु कौशलम् is —

पंक्ति योगः कर्मसु कौशलम् है —

Write II.50: बुद्धियुक्तो जहातीह उभे सुकृतदुष्कृते। तस्माद्योगाय युज्यस्व योगः कर्मसु कौशलम्॥ II.48 names evenness (samatva) as yoga. Skill here is acting without fruit as master.

Q. 21. The Atharvaveda is first the Veda of —

अथर्ववेद पहले वेद है —

Atharvaveda: house, healing, protection, plants. The three ritual voices at the fire are hotr (Rig), adhvaryu (Yajur), udgatr (Sama). Atharva is the fourth Veda, not one of those three voices.

Q. 22. Yoga as a darshana aims at —

दर्शन के रूप में योग का लक्ष्य है —

Yoga: stilling the turnings of the mind. Eight limbs: yama, niyama, asana, pranayama, pratyahara, dharana, dhyana, samadhi. Unit 3 treats them as health-practice. Ayurveda’s eight limbs are a different list.

Q. 23. Pitta is chiefly a mix of the mahabhutas —

पित्त मुख्यतः जिन महाभूतों का मिश्रण है —

Pancha mahabhuta: akasha, vayu, agni, jala, prithvi. Vata = space + air (motion). Pitta = fire + water (transformation). Kapha = water + earth (cohesion).

Q. 24. After rasa and rakta, the next dhatu in order from food is —

रस और रक्त के बाद आहार-क्रम में अगली धातु है —

Write the seven in order: rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra. Ojas is the essence of all seven, not an eighth dhatu. Mala (faeces, urine, sweat) must leave; they are not dhatu.

Q. 25. Brahma-muhurta in dinacharya is —

दिनचर्या में ब्रह्म-मुहूर्त है —

Dinacharya: rise in brahma-muhurta, cleanse, oil (abhyanga, nasya), measured movement, bath, sattvika food, work, sleep not late. Natural urges are not to be suppressed (vega-dharana). Ritucharya is the year’s routine.

Q. 26. In sharad, ritucharya watches chiefly —

शरद में ऋतुचर्या मुख्यतः देखती है —

Vasanta: kapha — light pungent food, more movement. Grishma: sweet-cold, not extra heat. Varsha: vata — sour, salty, oily. Sharad: pitta. Hemanta and shishira: oil and warmth.

Q. 27. Ayurveda’s eight medical limbs include —

आयुर्वेद के आठ चिकित्सा-अंग समेटते हैं —

Write the eight medical limbs: inner medicine, surgery, eye-ear-nose-throat, paediatrics, poison, mind in old vocabulary, rejuvenation, fertility. Yoga’s eight limbs are a different list.

Q. 28. Ashoka’s edicts, under hospitals, speak of —

चिकित्सालय-शीर्षक के नीचे अशोक के आदेश बोलते हैं —

Write: Buddhist viharas kept infirmaries; Ashoka’s edicts speak of treatment for humans and animals; Faxian notes free halls; Charaka describes the atura’s room; Sushruta needs a prepared space and practice on models. These are places of organised care.

Q. 29. When balanced, kapha chiefly gives —

संतुलित हो तो कफ मुख्यतः देता है —

Dosha is a fault only when it goes out of measure; in measure it is the body’s work. Vata = motion; pitta = digestion / transformation; kapha = cohesion / structure. Prakriti is the mix you were built with; vikriti is today’s imbalance. There is no fourth dosha.

Q. 30. Ahimsa, satya, asteya, brahmacharya, aparigraha are —

अहिंसा, सत्य, अस्तेय, ब्रह्मचर्य, अपरिग्रह हैं —

Yama: ahimsa, satya, asteya, brahmacharya, aparigraha. Niyama: shaucha, santosha, tapas, svadhyaya, ishvara-pranidhana. Asana is a steady, easeful seat.

Q. 31. Prakriti in Ayurveda is —

आयुर्वेद में प्रकृति है —

Prakriti is the dosha-mix a person is built with (body-type). Vikriti is today’s imbalance. Treatment brings vikriti back toward prakriti. There is no fourth dosha.

Q. 32. The named Ayurveda book of Vagbhata is —

वाग्भट की नामित आयुर्वेद-पुस्तक है —

Brihat-trayi: Charaka Samhita (kaya-chikitsa), Sushruta Samhita (shalya), Ashtanga Hrdaya of Vagbhata. The named classroom book is Ashtanga Hrdaya (Srikantha Murthy). Authors as persons are Unit 5.

Q. 33. Among the six centres, the western school-city is —

छह केन्द्रों में पश्चिमी विद्यालय-नगर है —

Six centres: Takshashila (Gandhara, north-west); Magadha cluster Nalanda, Odantapuri, Vikramshila; Vallabhi (Gujarat, west); Pushpagiri (Odisha / Kalinga, east).

Q. 34. Odantapuri is remembered at —

ओदन्तपुरी याद है —

Odantapuri is the third Bihar node with Nalanda and Vikramshila: monastic, grant-fed, Buddhist. Tradition places it slightly earlier than Vikramshila. It ended in the same thirteenth-century wave as Nalanda.

Q. 35. Nalanda is a later Magadha mahavihara; Takshashila is —

नालंदा बाद का मगध महाविहार है; तक्षशिला है —

Takshashila: Gandhara, north-west; masters taught law, medicine, military art, grammar and the Vedas. Nalanda: Magadha, Guptas, Harsha’s century, Pala grants, named library. Two places, two times.

Q. 36. The Beautiful Tree is on Unit 4 so that the answer remembers —

The Beautiful Tree इकाई 4 पर इसलिए है कि उत्तर याद रखे —

Dharampal describes widespread indigenous village schooling in a later century. Teaching was already Indian. That pathshala is not a Pala mahavihara.

Q. 37. Pala kings endowed chiefly —

पाल राजाओं ने मुख्यतः अनुदान दिया —

Nalanda grows under the Guptas, is praised in Harsha’s century, and is richly endowed by Palas. Vikramshila stands in Dharmapala’s tradition. Vallabhi is Maitraka, not Pala.

Q. 38. The eastern centre among the six is —

छह में पूर्वी केन्द्र है —

Pushpagiri is a cluster of hills in Kalinga / Odisha: Lalitgiri, Ratnagiri, Udayagiri. Xuanzang notes a great eastern monastery. IKS education is not only the Gangetic mahavihara.

Q. 39. What the six centres share is —

छह केन्द्रों में साझा है —

All six sit on Unit 1’s map and assume Unit 2’s parampara and vada. Patronage (Gupta, Harsha, Pala, Maitraka) gave grain and a roof. Ends come when patronage and peace break.

Q. 40. Panini and Chanakya are remembered first in the school-region of —

पाणिनि और चाणक्य पहले जिस शिक्षण-क्षेत्र में याद हैं —

Takshashila in Gandhara is the school-region of Panini (Salatura) and of Chanakya. Their works are Unit 5; the place is Unit 4.

Q. 41. The eight limbs from yama to samadhi are first listed in —

यम से समाधि तक आठ अंग पहले गिने गए हैं —

Patanjali: yoga is chitta-vritti-nirodha; eight limbs yama to samadhi. A second Patanjali writes the Mahabhashya on Panini. Name the Yoga Sutra first.

Q. 42. Kaya-chikitsa (inner medicine) is first the field of —

काय-चिकित्सा पहले जिसका क्षेत्र है —

Charaka Samhita: Atreya–Agnivesha–Charaka–Dridhabala line; kaya-chikitsa, nidana, ethics, the atura’s room. Sushruta: Dhanvantari line at Kashi; shalya, anatomy, instruments, nasasandhana. Both are Ayurveda.

Q. 43. Aryabhata explains day and night by —

आर्यभट दिन-रात समझाते हैं —

Aryabhatiya, about 499 CE, Kusumapura / Pataliputra: place-value including zero in practice, a value of pi, the earth’s rotation, eclipse-reckoning, sine tables. Later siddhanta, not Vedanga jyotisha. Varahamihira and Brahmagupta follow.

Q. 44. Adi Shankaracharya was born at —

आदि शंकराचार्य का जन्म हुआ —

Born at Kaladi (Kerala); often dated to the 8th century CE. Bhashyas on Upanishad, Brahma-sutra and Gita (prasthana-trayi). Four mathas in the usual list: Sringeri, Dwaraka, Puri, Badrinath / Jyotirmath. He is one Vedanta, not all Vedanta.

Q. 45. Shunyata in Nagarjuna means —

नागार्जुन में शून्यता का अर्थ है —

Nagarjuna, about the 2nd–3rd century CE, Deccan / Nagarjunakonda. Central work: Mulamadhyamaka-karika. Shunyata is not “nothing exists.” Nastika in the Veda-pramana sense, still Indian philosophy.

Q. 46. The Ashtadhyayi contains —

अष्टाध्यायी में हैं —

Panini, often 5th–4th century BCE, Gandhara / Salatura. Sanskrit was already shruti; he mapped it. Later Katyayana and Patanjali’s Mahabhashya stand on him. Contribution: sutra and pratyahara sound-tables.

Q. 47. Chanakya is tied to the rise of —

चाणक्य जिसके उदय से बँधे हैं —

Chanakya (Kautilya, Vishnugupta): Takshashila is his teaching centre. The Arthashastra is polity and livelihood — economy, law, spies, forts, mines, forests. It is not Vedanta.

Q. 48. Dravya, guna, karma, samanya, vishesha and samavaya are —

द्रव्य, गुण, कर्म, सामान्य, विशेष और समवाय हैं —

Kanada: padarthas and paramanu, the indivisible particular. The school is astika: Veda remains a pramana.

Q. 49. On the official list, Chankaya is —

आधिकारिक सूची में Chankaya है —

The syllabus also prints Susruta, Kanad, Aryabhaata, Nagarhuna, Chankaya. In the answer use Charaka, Sushruta, Kanada, Aryabhata, Nagarjuna, Chanakya.

Q. 50. Shankara’s last word is brahman; Nagarjuna’s madhyama —

शंकर का अंतिम शब्द ब्रह्म है; नागार्जुन का मध्य —

Both cut a naive view of things as independent substances. Shankara’s last word is brahman (astika Vedanta). Nagarjuna’s madhyama does not rest in an essence (Bauddha Madhyamaka).

Pass line is 36% (18/50). No negative marking. No university 120-mark paper. Follow the college notice if they use viva or assignment instead.

सेट 2

Set 2 · college internal 50 · IKS5VACT41 · no university written exam. 50 MCQ × 1 mark. Write A, B, C or D. Pass 36% (18/50). English first, then Hindi. After Check paper, copy the model paragraph onto the answer sheet — especially the set Gita slokas in Sanskrit.

50 MCQ · 1 mark each · Units 1–5 · college internal

Q. 1. Shastra (textual) and loka / parampara (oral, local) must both be named as —

शास्त्र (पाठ वाला) और लोक / परंपरा (मौखिक, स्थानीय) दोनों नाम करने योग्य हैं —

Shastra is the textual stream: Veda, Ayurveda, grammar, the old universities. Loka / parampara is the oral local stream: farm, craft, grove and monsoon skill. A complete answer names both.

Q. 2. Indigenous / traditional knowledge is first —

देशज / पारंपरिक ज्ञान पहले है —

Traditional knowledge is indigenous, in use, and handed on, often by mouth, as a living skill. It is a main door of IKS, not the whole of IKS.

Q. 3. उत्तरं यत्समुद्रस्य हिमाद्रेश्चैव दक्षिणम् places the sea —

उत्तरं यत्समुद्रस्य हिमाद्रेश्चैव दक्षिणम् समुद्र को रखता है —

उत्तरं यत्समुद्रस्य हिमाद्रेश्चैव दक्षिणम् । वर्षं तद् भारतं नाम भारती यत्र संततिः ॥ Bharata is north of the sea and south of Himadri.

Q. 4. “People of ancient Bharat Varsha” names —

“प्राचीन भारत वर्ष के लोग” नाम करते हैं —

The land held many ways of living: Harappan towns, Vedic janas, Ganga mahajanapadas, forest (atavika) and coastal peoples. Adivasi and pastoral groups are knowledge-holders inside this heading.

Q. 5. Dholavira and Rakhigarhi, with Lothal and Kalibangan, belong first to —

धोलावीरा और राखीगढ़ी, लोथल और कालीबंगा के साथ, पहले जिस सभ्यता की हैं —

Harappan sites to name: Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, Rakhigarhi, Lothal, Kalibangan. Civic marks: grid, drain, weight, brick, bronze, cotton.

Q. 6. Tamralipti was a port on the —

ताम्रलिप्ति गोदी थी —

East coast: Kaveripattinam, Tamralipti (and Arikamedu in many classroom lists). West: Lothal, Bharukaccha, Muziris. The sailor is a knowledge-holder.

Q. 7. Khetri in Rajasthan is remembered in Unit 1 as —

राजस्थान का खेतड़ी इकाई 1 में याद है —

Khetri is copper. An oran is a grove. Akaradhyaksha is the mine officer. Forests and minerals are one ecology: use with a limit.

Q. 8. The agricultural year of most of Bharat Varsha is timed first by —

भारत वर्ष के अधिकतर भाग का कृषि-वर्ष पहले बँधता है —

Climate in Unit 1 is first the monsoon. Six ritus turn through two ayanas. Land and season sit here; ritucharya as medical regimen is Unit 3.

Q. 9. One importance of traditional knowledge is identity: a people who cannot name their own knowledge will —

पारंपरिक ज्ञान का एक महत्त्व पहचान है: जो लोग अपना ज्ञान नाम न कर सकें वे —

Write five points with examples: identity; use (johad, kuhl); sustainability (oran, closed fishing month); seasonal food; education already in place. Gita, Ayurveda and Nalanda sit in later units.

Q. 10. A closed fishing month is an example of —

मछली का बंद महीना उदाहरण है —

Sustainability examples: an oran left standing, a khejri uncut, a net that waits out the spawning month. Use is johad and kuhl. Identity is naming one’s own knowledge.

Q. 11. The Samhita layer of a Veda-family is —

वेद-परिवार की संहिता परत है —

Samhita = mantras. Brahmana = how and why the rite is done. Aranyaka = the rite thought at a distance. Upanishad = self and brahman. “Veda = only the Rig hymns” leaves out three layers.

Q. 12. Kalpa as a Vedanga includes Shulba, which is —

वेदांग कल्प में शुल्ब है, जो है —

Kalpa is ritual, including Shulba geometry of the fire-altar. It is Vedanga, not Aryabhata’s later siddhanta (Unit 5).

Q. 13. Yajurveda is first the Veda of —

यजुर्वेद पहले वेद है —

Yajur: the priest’s working script at the fire. Two broad recensions: Shukla (White) and Krishna (Black). The adhvaryu speaks from Yajur.

Q. 14. Vedic life is centred on —

वैदिक जीवन का केन्द्र है —

Agni is household fire and yajna. Rta is the order of season, truth-speech and rite. Knowledge moves by guru-shishya recitation. Nishkama karma is a later Gita teaching in this same unit.

Q. 15. Jaina thought, among the nastika streams, is marked by —

नास्तिक धाराओं में जैन चिंतन चिह्नित है —

Three nastika streams: Charvaka / Lokayata (pratyaksha), Jaina (jiva, ahimsa, anekantavada), Bauddha (four noble truths and anatta). Nastika means the Veda is not taken as pramana.

Q. 16. Chitta-vritti-nirodha is the definition of yoga in —

चित्त-वृत्ति-निरोध योग की परिभाषा है —

Yoga is stilling the turnings of the mind. Eight limbs: yama to samadhi. Unit 2 is the school; Unit 3 is health-practice; Unit 5 is Patanjali as a person.

Q. 17. Which Gita verse-numbers are set to write in Sanskrit?

संस्कृत में लिखने योग्य गीता-श्लोक संख्याएँ कौन-सी हैं?

Write the numbers, then the Sanskrit. One-line jobs: II action without fruit; IV learning from a seer; VI measured food and sleep; XVI daivi and asuri; XVII three foods.

Q. 18. Gita II.47, कर्मण्येवाधिकारस्ते, means the claim is —

गीता II.47, कर्मण्येवाधिकारस्ते, का अर्थ है अधिकार है —

Write: कर्मण्येवाधिकारस्ते मा फलेषु कदाचन। मा कर्मफलहेतुर्भूर्मा ते सङ्गोऽस्त्वकर्मणि॥ You have a claim to action, never to the fruits; do not make fruit the cause of work; do not cling to inaction.

Q. 19. Gita II.48 defines yoga as samatva, that is —

गीता II.48 योग को समत्व परिभाषित करती है, अर्थात् —

Write II.48: योगस्थः कुरु कर्माणि सङ्गं त्यक्त्वा धनञ्जय। सिद्ध्यसिद्ध्योः समो भूत्वा समत्वं योग उच्यते॥ II.50: बुद्धियुक्तो जहातीह उभे सुकृतदुष्कृते। तस्माद्योगाय युज्यस्व योगः कर्मसु कौशलम्॥ Yoga is also skill in actions.

Q. 20. Gita II.50’s last pada, योगः कर्मसु कौशलम्, names yoga as —

गीता II.50 का अंतिम पाद, योगः कर्मसु कौशलम्, योग को नाम करता है —

Write II.50: बुद्धियुक्तो जहातीह उभे सुकृतदुष्कृते। तस्माद्योगाय युज्यस्व योगः कर्मसु कौशलम्॥ The even-minded one leaves both good and bad fruit here; therefore join yoga. Yoga is skill in actions.

Q. 21. Stale, putrid, leftover and impure food in Gita XVII.10 is called —

गीता XVII.10 में बासी, पूति, उच्छिष्ट और अमेध्य आहार कहलाता है —

Write XVII.8 sattvika: आयुःसत्त्वबलारोग्यसुखप्रीतिविवर्धनाः। रस्याः स्निग्धाः स्थिरा हृद्या आहाराः सात्त्विकप्रियाः॥ XVII.9 rajasika: कट्वम्ललवणात्युष्णतीक्ष्णरूक्षविदाहिनः। आहारा राजसस्येष्टा दुःखशोकामयप्रदाः॥ XVII.10: यातयामं गतरसं पूति पर्युषितं च यत्। उच्छिष्टमपि चामेध्यं भोजनं तामसप्रियम्॥ Three foods, three gunas.

Q. 22. Purva Mimamsa, in the six darshanas, treats the Veda as —

छह दर्शनों में पूर्व मीमांसा वेद को मानती है —

Jaimini’s Mimamsa reads the Veda as a command of dharma. Vedanta (Uttara Mimamsa) reads it as teaching on brahman / atman. They are a pair, not one school.

Q. 23. Ayurveda is named from ayus + veda, that is —

आयुर्वेद आयुस् + वेद से नामित है, अर्थात् —

Ashtanga Hrdaya treats svastha first, then atura. Health is named balance of dosha, agni, dhatu, mala and mind. Yoga is a related health-practice, not the same heading.

Q. 24. Sattva (clarity), rajas (motion) and tamas (heaviness) are called —

सत्त्व (स्पष्टता), रजस् (गति) और तमस् (गुरुता) कहलाते हैं —

Gunas: sattva (clarity), rajas (motion), tamas (heaviness). They describe prakriti, mind and food (Gita XVII). Doshas are a different list: vata, pitta, kapha.

Q. 25. When balanced, vata chiefly does —

संतुलित हो तो वात मुख्यतः करता है —

Vata = motion (space + air). Pitta = digestion / transformation (fire + water). Kapha = cohesion / structure (water + earth). In measure a dosha is the body’s work; out of measure it is a fault.

Q. 26. Faeces, urine and sweat in Ayurveda are —

आयुर्वेद में पुरीष, मूत्र और स्वेद हैं —

Sapta-dhatu: rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra. Ojas is their essence, not an eighth dhatu. Mala must leave.

Q. 27. Nidana in the concept of disease includes —

रोग-अवधारणा में निदान समेटता है —

Disease is imbalance: dosha out of seat and measure, agni too low or too fierce, ama blocking the channels, dhatu underfed or overfed, mala stuck, mind pulled to rajas and tamas. Nidana names causes.

Q. 28. Abhyanga and nasya in dinacharya are —

दिनचर्या में अभ्यंग और नस्य हैं —

Dinacharya: rise, cleanse, oil (abhyanga, nasya), move, bathe, sattvika food, work, sleep not late. Vega-dharana (suppressing natural urges) is warned against.

Q. 29. In grishma, ritucharya prefers —

ग्रीष्म में ऋतुचर्या चुनती है —

Grishma is heat: sweet-cold food, not extra heat. Vasanta: kapha, light pungent, more movement. Varsha: vata, sour-salty-oily. Sharad: pitta. Hemanta and shishira: oil and warmth.

Q. 30. The Charaka Samhita is first the book of —

चरक संहिता पहले पुस्तक है —

Charaka: inner medicine, nidana, ethics, the atura’s room; Atreya–Agnivesha–Charaka–Dridhabala line. Sushruta: surgery at Kashi. Vagbhata’s Ashtanga Hrdaya completes the brihat-trayi.

Q. 31. Shalya in Ayurveda’s ashtanga is —

आयुर्वेद के अष्टांग में शल्य है —

Ayurveda’s eight limbs include shalya (surgery) and shalakya (eye-ear-nose-throat). Yoga’s limbs are a different ashtanga.

Q. 32. Personal vows of yoga (not the social yama) are named —

योग के व्यक्तिगत व्रत (सामाजिक यम नहीं) कहलाते हैं —

Niyama are personal vows: shaucha, santosha, tapas, svadhyaya, ishvara-pranidhana. Yama are social vows: ahimsa, satya, asteya, brahmacharya, aparigraha.

Q. 33. Takshashila plus five later houses named in Unit 4 are —

तक्षशिला और इकाई 4 के पाँच बाद के घर हैं —

Write all six. Geography: Takshashila oldest, north-west. Magadha cluster: Nalanda, Odantapuri, Vikramshila. West: Vallabhi. East: Pushpagiri.

Q. 34. Takshashila is the oldest of the six and stands in —

तक्षशिला छह में सबसे पुरानी है और खड़ी है —

Takshashila: Gandhara, in the north-west of Bharat Varsha. Pupils lived near famous teachers. Panini and Chanakya are remembered there. Nalanda is a later Magadha mahavihara with a named library.

Q. 35. Ratnasagara, Ratnodadhi and Ratnaranjaka name —

रत्नसागर, रत्नोदधि और रत्नरंजक नाम हैं —

Nalanda: Magadha, Bihar; Guptas, Harsha’s century, Pala grants. Xuanzang and Yijing describe thousands of monks, debate, and a library later named in three buildings. The Odisha hills are Pushpagiri.

Q. 36. Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang) is used for Nalanda as —

शुआनज़ंग (ह्वेन त्सांग) नालंदा के लिए हैं —

Xuanzang and Yijing stayed, studied and wrote: numbers of monks, daily routine, debate, hierarchy of teachers, medicine among the arts. They are sources, not the founders of Nalanda.

Q. 37. Vikramshila is a Pala mahavihara tied to —

विक्रमशिला पाल महाविहार है, बँधा —

Vikramshila: Bhagalpur region, Dharmapala (8th–9th century), tantra and logic. Sister mahavihara of Nalanda. Atiśa later shaped Tibetan Buddhism.

Q. 38. Vallabhi is not Pala Magadha; it is —

वल्लभी पाल मगध नहीं; वह है —

Vallabhi: Saurashtra / Gujarat, Maitraka capital, about the 6th–8th centuries. Some accounts set its reputation beside Nalanda.

Q. 39. Pushpagiri is not one walled campus; it is —

पुष्पगिरि एक घिरा परिसर नहीं; वह है —

Three hills, one name. Xuanzang notes a great eastern monastery. IKS education is not only the Gangetic mahavihara.

Q. 40. Magadha mahaviharas are cut in the —

मगध महाविहार कटते हैं —

Patronage (Gupta, Harsha, Pala, Maitraka) gave grain and a roof. Takshashila fades earlier with north-west invasions. Vallabhi falls with Maitraka power.

Q. 41. For each named scholar the sheet-answer should hold —

प्रत्येक नामित विद्वान् के शीट-उत्तर में होना चाहिए —

Write a short life, one or two works, and one IKS sentence for: Patanjali, Charaka, Sushruta, Kanada, Aryabhata, Adi Shankaracharya, Nagarjuna, Panini, Chanakya. Use the common spellings.

Q. 42. A second Patanjali, besides the Yoga Sutra, is remembered for —

योग सूत्र के अलावा दूसरे पतंजलि याद हैं —

Some historians keep two persons: the rishi of the Yoga Sutra, and the author of the Mahabhashya. In a short answer name the Yoga Sutra first.

Q. 43. Sushruta’s teaching line is remembered at —

सुश्रुत की शिक्षा-पंक्ति याद है —

Sushruta Samhita: shalya, anatomy, instruments, practice on models, nasasandhana. Charaka is kaya-chikitsa. Both are Ayurveda.

Q. 44. The Vaisheshika-sutra is the work of —

वैशेषिक-सूत्र कृति है —

Kanada: padarthas and paramanu. The school is astika.

Q. 45. The Aryabhatiya is dated about —

आर्यभटीय की तिथि लगभग है —

Place-value including zero in practice, a value of pi, the earth’s rotation, eclipse-reckoning, sine tables. Later siddhanta. Varahamihira and Brahmagupta follow.

Q. 46. Sringeri, Dwaraka, Puri and Badrinath / Jyotirmath are —

शृंगेरी, द्वारका, पुरी और बद्रीनाथ / ज्योतिर्मठ हैं —

Adi Shankaracharya: Kaladi; often 8th century CE; bhashyas on the prasthana-trayi. He is Advaita Vedanta — one Vedanta, not all Vedanta (Ramanuja, Madhva later).

Q. 47. The Mulamadhyamaka-karika is —

मूलमाध्यमक-कारिका है —

Nagarjuna, 2nd–3rd century CE, Deccan / Nagarjunakonda. Shunyata: things lack independent svabhava; not “nothing exists.” Later Madhyamaka lived at Nalanda; his own century is earlier.

Q. 48. Salatura is the Gandhara place associated with —

शलातुर गांधार का स्थान है, जुड़ा —

Panini, 5th–4th century BCE, Gandhara / Salatura, Takshashila’s region. The Ashtadhyayi maps Sanskrit as a rule-system in eight chapters. Sanskrit was already shruti.

Q. 49. The Arthashastra treats, among other things —

अर्थशास्त्र इनमें भी चलता है —

Chanakya (Kautilya, Vishnugupta), tied to Chandragupta Maurya; Takshashila is the teaching centre. Arthashastra is polity — artha, danda, chara, durga — not Vedanta.

Q. 50. Ramanuja and Madhva show that Shankara is —

रामानुज और मध्व दिखाते हैं कि शंकर हैं —

Shankara organised Advaita. Later Vedanta includes Ramanuja and Madhva. Write “Advaita Vedanta,” not “all Vedanta.”

Pass line is 36% (18/50). No negative marking. No university 120-mark paper. Follow the college notice if they use viva or assignment instead.

सेट 3

Set 3 · college internal 50 · IKS5VACT41 · no university written exam. 50 MCQ × 1 mark. Write A, B, C or D. Pass 36% (18/50). English first, then Hindi. After Check paper, copy the model paragraph onto the answer sheet — especially the set Gita slokas in Sanskrit.

50 MCQ · 1 mark each · Units 1–5 · college internal

Q. 1. Jnana, vijnana and jivan-darshan, taught as parampara, are the three strands of —

ज्ञान, विज्ञान और जीवन-दर्शन, परंपरा से सिखाए, तीन सूत्र हैं —

IKS is organised Indian knowledge: jnana (knowing), vijnana (systematic science) and jivan-darshan (how life is to be lived), taught as a living parampara.

Q. 2. The NEP 2020 heading this IKS course sits under is —

NEP 2020 का शीर्षक जिसके नीचे यह IKS पत्र बैठता है, है —

This course sits under NEP 2020, 4.27, “Knowledge of India”: ancient contributions, tribal and indigenous learning, and a sense of the country’s future.

Q. 3. A village tank in Rajasthan that stores the monsoon is a —

राजस्थान का गाँव-तालाब जो मॉनसून जमा करता है, वह है —

A johad stores rain. A kuhl is a Himalayan irrigation-channel. An oran is a sacred grove. Southern eri and Bihar’s ahar-pyne are parallel water-works.

Q. 4. Bharata, in the Vishnu Purana line, lies —

विष्णु पुराण की पंक्ति में भारत स्थित है —

उत्तरं यत्समुद्रस्य हिमाद्रेश्चैव दक्षिणम् । वर्षं तद् भारतं नाम भारती यत्र संततिः ॥ Civilisational geography, wider than the 1947 map.

Q. 5. Iron, wet rice and mahajanapadas mark first the —

लोह, धान और महाजनपद पहले चिह्नित करते हैं —

Sindhu (Harappa): bronze, cotton, drain, weight. Later Ganga: iron, wet rice, mahajanapadas. Brahmaputra: Kamarupa / Pragjyotisha.

Q. 6. The Harappan dock on the Gulf of Khambhat is —

खंभात की खाड़ी पर हड़प्पा गोदी है —

Lothal is a western (Arabian Sea / Khambhat) Harappan port. Muziris is later Malabar. Tamralipti is the Bengal east.

Q. 7. Varsha in the six-ritus list comes after —

छह-ऋतु सूची में वर्षा किसके बाद आती है —

Order from vasanta: vasanta, grishma, varsha, sharad, hemanta, shishira. Two ayanas. The agricultural year follows the monsoon.

Q. 8. Kamarupa / Pragjyotisha is named so that the east is not swallowed into —

कामरूप / प्राग्ज्योतिष इसलिए नामित है कि पूर्व न समा जाए —

The Brahmaputra valley is a wet world of its own: high rain, river as road, wet rice, silk (muga, eri). Old names: Pragjyotisha, Kamarupa. It is not Magadha.

Q. 9. The khejri of the Thar, in Bishnoi memory, is a lesson of —

थार की खेजड़ी, बिश्नोई स्मृति में, पाठ है —

Sacred grove and protected tree are Unit 1 forest-knowledge. An oran is a grove; the khejri is a desert-tree lesson of Rajasthan.

Q. 10. A southern eri, like a Rajasthan johad, is —

दक्षिण की एरी, राजस्थान के जोहड़ की तरह, है —

Water-works: johad and tank (Rajasthan), stepwell, southern eri, Bihar’s ahar-pyne, Himalayan kuhl. Store the rain where a Himalayan river does not come.

Q. 11. Heard in a shakha and kept by oral parampara, the Veda is called —

शाखा में सुनी और मुख-परंपरा से रखी वेद-राशि कहलाती है —

Shruti is the heard Veda, taught in shakhas. Smriti is remembered tradition. The Gita sits in the Mahabharata, so in form it is smriti, not a Veda.

Q. 12. Mantra, rite-prose, forest teaching and Upanishad name —

मंत्र, यज्ञ-गद्य, वन-शिक्षा और उपनिषद् नाम करते हैं —

Mantras; how and why the rite is done; the rite thought at a distance; teaching on self and brahman.

Q. 13. Samaveda is first the Veda of —

सामवेद पहले वेद है —

The udgatr chants Sama. Hotr recites Rig. Adhvaryu performs with Yajur. Atharva is the fourth Veda of house and healing.

Q. 14. The six limbs that serve Veda-sound and rite are —

वेद-ध्वनि और यज्ञ की सेवा करने वाले छह अंग हैं —

Vedangas serve the Veda’s sound and rite. Panini is Unit 5 (vyakarana as a person). Aryabhata is later siddhanta, not Vedanga jyotisha itself.

Q. 15. Rta in Vedic life is —

वैदिक जीवन में ऋत है —

Vedic life is centred on agni and yajna. Rta is that order. Knowledge moves by guru-shishya recitation.

Q. 16. Charvaka, Jaina and Bauddha are grouped together as —

चार्वाक, जैन और बौद्ध साथ रखे जाते हैं —

Nastika = the school does not take the Veda as pramana. Charvaka: pratyaksha. Jaina: jiva, ahimsa, anekantavada. Bauddha: four noble truths and anatta.

Q. 17. Purusha and prakriti are the basic pair of —

पुरुष और प्रकृति मूल जोड़ा है —

Samkhya: purusha (consciousness) and prakriti (nature); prakriti evolves through sattva, rajas, tamas. Yoga is the paired method (chitta-vritti-nirodha). Gunas are not the three doshas.

Q. 18. The third pada of Gita II.47, मा कर्मफलहेतुर्भूः, tells the hearer —

गीता II.47 का तीसरा पाद, मा कर्मफलहेतुर्भूः, श्रोता से कहता है —

Write: कर्मण्येवाधिकारस्ते मा फलेषु कदाचन। मा कर्मफलहेतुर्भूर्मा ते सङ्गोऽस्त्वकर्मणि॥ Claim to action, never to the fruits; do not cling to inaction.

Q. 19. Pranipata, pariprashna and seva in Gita IV.34 are —

गीता IV.34 में प्रणिपात, परिप्रश्न और सेवा हैं —

Write: तद्विद्धि प्रणिपातेन परिप्रश्नेन सेवया। उपदेक्ष्यन्ति ते ज्ञानं ज्ञानिनस्तत्त्वदर्शिनः॥ Those who have seen the tattva will teach.

Q. 20. Ayus, sattva, strength and health, in Gita XVII.8, mark food that is —

आयु, सत्त्व, बल और आरोग्य, गीता XVII.8 में, उस आहार को चिह्नित करते हैं जो है —

Write XVII.8: आयुःसत्त्वबलारोग्यसुखप्रीतिविवर्धनाः। रस्याः स्निग्धाः स्थिरा हृद्या आहाराः सात्त्विकप्रियाः॥ XVII.9 rajasika: कट्वम्ललवणात्युष्णतीक्ष्णरूक्षविदाहिनः। आहारा राजसस्येष्टा दुःखशोकामयप्रदाः॥ XVII.10 tamasika: यातयामं गतरसं पूति पर्युषितं च यत्। उच्छिष्टमपि चामेध्यं भोजनं तामसप्रियम्॥

Q. 21. Bauddha thought, among the nastika streams, is marked by —

नास्तिक धाराओं में बौद्ध चिंतन चिह्नित है —

Bauddha is nastika in the Veda-pramana sense. Four noble truths and anatta. Nagarjuna’s Madhyamaka (shunyata) is Unit 5.

Q. 22. The Gita is smriti, not a Veda, because it sits inside —

गीता स्मृति है, वेद नहीं, क्योंकि वह बैठी है —

Shruti is the heard Veda. The Gita sits in the Mahabharata, so in form it is smriti. Still write the set slokas in Sanskrit.

Q. 23. Ashtanga Hrdaya treats first the svastha. That person is —

अष्टांग हृदय पहले स्वस्थ का वर्णन करता है। वह व्यक्ति है —

Ayurveda = knowledge of life. Health is named balance of dosha, agni, dhatu, mala and mind. Yoga is a related practice, not the same heading.

Q. 24. Vata, pitta and kapha, when named as a list of three, are —

वात, पित्त और कफ, तीन की सूची के रूप में, हैं —

Doshas: vata (motion), pitta (transformation), kapha (cohesion). Gunas: sattva, rajas, tamas. Do not write “three gunas: vata, pitta, kapha.”

Q. 25. Akasha, vayu, agni, jala, prithvi are —

आकाश, वायु, अग्नि, जल, पृथ्वी हैं —

Five great elements. Doshas are mixes: vata = space + air; pitta = fire + water; kapha = water + earth.

Q. 26. Ojas is —

ओजस है —

Order: rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra. Each is fed by the one before if agni is good. Mala must leave.

Q. 27. Ama is —

आम है —

Disease is imbalance: dosha out of seat and measure, agni too low or too fierce, ama blocking the channels, dhatu underfed or overfed, mala stuck, mind pulled to rajas and tamas.

Q. 28. Vega-dharana is —

वेग-धारण है —

Dinacharya: brahma-muhurta, cleanse, oil, measured movement, bath, sattvika food, work, sleep not late. Do not suppress natural urges.

Q. 29. Hemanta and shishira, in ritucharya, ask for —

ऋतुचर्या में हेमंत और शिशिर माँगते हैं —

Cold months: oil and warmth. Vasanta: kapha, light pungent, more movement. Grishma: sweet-cold. Varsha: vata, sour-salty-oily. Sharad: pitta.

Q. 30. Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hrdaya are —

चरक संहिता, सुश्रुत संहिता, अष्टांग हृदय हैं —

Charaka: kaya-chikitsa. Sushruta: shalya. Vagbhata’s Ashtanga Hrdaya is the named classroom book (Srikantha Murthy). Authors as persons are Unit 5.

Q. 31. Buddhist viharas, Ashoka’s edicts, Faxian’s free halls and Charaka’s atura-room show —

बौद्ध विहार, अशोक के आदेश, फाह्यान के निःशुल्क हाल और चरक का आतुर-कक्ष दिखाते हैं —

These are places of organised care, not the lecture-hall of Unit 4. Sushruta also needs a prepared space and practice on models.

Q. 32. Yama is social vows; niyama is —

यम सामाजिक व्रत हैं; नियम है —

Yama: ahimsa, satya, asteya, brahmacharya, aparigraha. Niyama: the five personal vows. Asana is a steady seat. These are yoga’s limbs, not Ayurveda’s eight medical limbs.

Q. 33. “Ancient university” on this paper names —

इस पत्र पर “प्राचीन विश्वविद्यालय” नाम करता है —

Write a centre of higher learning: a teacher-circle (Takshashila), a mahavihara (Nalanda), or a hill-complex (Pushpagiri). Knowledge was institutional and open to foreign pupils.

Q. 34. Nalanda, Odantapuri and Vikramshila together are —

नालंदा, ओदन्तपुरी और विक्रमशिला साथ हैं —

Three Bihar houses, grant-fed, Buddhist. Takshashila is north-west and earlier. Vallabhi is west. Pushpagiri is east.

Q. 35. Gandhara is the region of —

गांधार क्षेत्र है —

Takshashila sits in Gandhara, the north-west of Bharat Varsha: a city of masters, not one walled campus. Panini and Chanakya are remembered in that school-region.

Q. 36. Yijing, with Xuanzang, is a source for —

यिजिंग, शुआनज़ंग के साथ, स्रोत हैं —

Chinese pilgrims stayed and wrote. They are sources, not Pala kings and not the founders of Nalanda.

Q. 37. Atiśa Dipankara later shaped —

अतिश दीपंकर बाद में आकार देते हैं —

Vikramshila: Pala Bihar, Dharmapala, tantra and logic. Atiśa is the name to carry from that house to Tibet.

Q. 38. Maitraka power is the patronage behind —

मैत्रक शक्ति आश्रय देती है —

Vallabhi: Gujarat / Saurashtra, about the 6th–8th centuries. Pala grants belong to the Magadha mahaviharas. Vallabhi falls when Maitraka power falls.

Q. 39. Lalitgiri, Ratnagiri and Udayagiri should be written under —

ललितगिरि, रत्नगिरि और उदयगिरि लिखे जाएँ —

Pushpagiri is a cluster of hills in Kalinga / Odisha, not one walled campus.

Q. 40. Gupta, Harsha, Pala and Maitraka matter to Unit 4 as —

गुप्त, हर्ष, पाल और मैत्रक इकाई 4 में मायने रखते हैं —

When patronage and peace break, several houses end: Magadha mahaviharas in the thirteenth-century invasions; Vallabhi with Maitraka power; Takshashila earlier in the north-west.

Q. 41. A short life, one or two works, and one IKS sentence is the Unit 5 shape for —

छोटा जीवन, एक-दो कृति, एक IKS वाक्य इकाई 5 का आकार है जिसके लिए —

Patanjali, Charaka, Sushruta, Kanada, Aryabhata, Adi Shankaracharya, Nagarjuna, Panini, Chanakya. The syllabus also prints Susruta, Kanad, Aryabhaata, Nagarhuna, Chankaya — use the common forms.

Q. 42. “Yogaḥ chitta-vritti-nirodhaḥ” opens —

“योगश्चित्तवृत्तिनिरोधः” खोलता है —

Yoga is stilling the turnings of the mind; eight limbs yama to samadhi. Name the Yoga Sutra first; the Mahabhashya is a second Patanjali in some accounts.

Q. 43. Nasasandhana as a remembered surgical craft is Sushruta’s; Charaka is first —

नासा-संधान सुश्रुत का शल्य-शिल्प है; चरक पहले हैं —

Charaka: inner medicine, nidana, ethics. Sushruta: surgery, anatomy, instruments, practice on models. Both Ayurveda; Vagbhata completes the brihat-trayi.

Q. 44. Atreya–Agnivesha–Charaka–Dridhabala is the line of —

आत्रेय–अग्निवेश–चरक–दृढबल पंक्ति है —

Charaka stands in that teaching line. Sushruta stands in the Dhanvantari line at Kashi.

Q. 45. Paramanu, the indivisible particular, is taught by —

परमाणु, अविभाज्य विशेष, सिखाते हैं —

Kanada’s Vaisheshika-sutra: padarthas (dravya, guna, karma, samanya, vishesha, samavaya) and paramanu. The school is astika.

Q. 46. Place-value with zero in practice, a value of pi, and sine tables are gifts of —

स्थान-मान में शून्य-प्रथा, पाई का मान, और ज्या-सारणियाँ दान हैं —

Aryabhatiya, about 499 CE, Kusumapura / Pataliputra. Also the earth’s rotation for day and night, and eclipse-reckoning. Later siddhanta, not Vedanga jyotisha.

Q. 47. Bhashyas on Upanishad, Brahma-sutra and Gita (prasthana-trayi) are the work of —

उपनिषद्, ब्रह्मसूत्र और गीता (प्रस्थान-त्रयी) पर भाष्य कृति हैं —

Born at Kaladi (Kerala); often 8th century CE; four mathas in the usual list. Advaita Vedanta — one Vedanta, not all Vedanta, and not Nagarjuna.

Q. 48. Nagarjunakonda is the Deccan place associated with —

नागार्जुनकोंडा दक्कन का स्थान है, जुड़ा —

Nagarjuna, 2nd–3rd century CE. Mulamadhyamaka-karika. Shunyata: things lack independent svabhava. Later Madhyamaka lived at Nalanda; his century is earlier.

Q. 49. Panini mapped Sanskrit; he did not —

पाणिनि ने संस्कृत का ढाँचा खींचा; उन्होंने नहीं —

Ashtadhyayi: eight chapters of sutras. Later Katyayana and Patanjali’s Mahabhashya stand on him. Contribution: grammar as a rule-system — sutra and pratyahara sound-tables.

Q. 50. Kautilya and Vishnugupta are names of —

कौटिल्य और विष्णुगुप्त नाम हैं —

Chanakya is tied to Chandragupta Maurya; Takshashila is the teaching centre. The Arthashastra is polity and livelihood, not Vedanta.

Pass line is 36% (18/50). No negative marking. No university 120-mark paper. Follow the college notice if they use viva or assignment instead.