Elementary Computer Applications

Q. 1. Hardware is the part of a computer you can —

हार्डवेयर कंप्यूटर का वह भाग है जिसे तुम —

a) touch: cabinet, CPU chip, keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer, cables — छू सकते हो: कैबिनेट, CPU चिप, कीबोर्ड, माउस, मॉनिटर, प्रिंटर, तार b) only load as a Word file on disk — केवल डिस्क की Word फ़ाइल की तरह लाद सकते हो c) only send as an e-mail — केवल ई-मेल की तरह भेज सकते हो d) only declare as a 4GL — केवल 4GL घोषित कर सकते हो

Hardware is the body you can touch: cabinet, CPU chip, keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer and cables. Software is the set of programs that tell that hardware what to do. Firmware is a small program sitting in ROM at start-up. The lab mouse by itself is only hardware, not the whole of IT.

Q. 2. Software is —

सॉफ्टवेयर है —

a) the metal cabinet only — केवल धातु कैबिनेट b) the set of programs that tell the hardware what to do (system software such as an OS, and application software such as a word processor or a browser) — प्रोग्रामों का समूह जो हार्डवेयर को काम बताए (OS जैसा सिस्टम सॉफ्टवेयर, और वर्ड प्रोसेसर या ब्राउज़र जैसा एप्लिकेशन) c) only the printer ribbon — केवल प्रिंटर रिबन d) only a leased telephone line — केवल लीज्ड टेलीफोन लाइन

Software is the set of programs that tell the hardware what to do. System software includes the operating system. Application software includes a word processor and a browser. Hardware is the body you can touch; the two are not two names for the same box.

Q. 3. Diligence, as Sinha names it among the characteristics, means —

Sinha की विशेषता-सूची में diligence का अर्थ है —

a) it invents a new passing rule on its own — स्वयं नया उत्तीर्ण नियम बनाती है b) it never needs power — बिजली कभी नहीं चाहिए c) the machine does not tire after the hundredth OMR sheet; the same steps can run all night — सौवीं OMR शीट के बाद भी थकान नहीं; वही चरण रात भर चल सकते हैं d) it is the same word as firmware — firmware का पर्याय है

Sinha names diligence among the characteristics that made computers spread: a machine does not tire after the hundredth OMR sheet, and the same job can run all night. Speed, accuracy, versatility, storage, reliability and automation sit on the same list. Limits sit beside them: no feelings, and no new rule that was never programmed.

Q. 4. Versatility as a named computer characteristic means —

नामित विशेषता के रूप में versatility का अर्थ है —

a) the machine can invent ethics by itself — मशीन स्वयं नीति बना सकती है b) one program can never be replaced — एक प्रोग्राम कभी नहीं बदला जा सकता c) only vacuum tubes can change job — केवल vacuum tubes काम बदल सकती हैं d) the same CPU can total marks, draw a letter, or play a clip, once the right program is loaded — सही प्रोग्राम लगे तो वही CPU अंक जोड़ सकता है, पत्र बना सकता है, क्लिप चला सकता है

Versatility means the same CPU can total marks, draw a letter, or play a clip once the right program is loaded. That is why one lab PC is not built for only one job. It still needs instructions and correct data; GIGO still applies.

Q. 5. Accuracy as a named computer characteristic means —

नामित विशेषता के रूप में accuracy का अर्थ है —

a) the same sum is the same every time if the data are right — डेटा सही हो तो वही योग हर बार वही b) wrong rolls are silently corrected — गलत रोल चुपचाप सुधार दिए जाते हैं c) RAM never forgets after a power cut — बिजली कटने पर RAM कभी नहीं भूलती d) ethics is stored in the ALU — नीति ALU में संचित है

Accuracy means the same sum is the same every time if the data are right. A computer does not tire into a new arithmetic. If a wrong roll is typed, that wrong roll is processed at full speed — GIGO, not a second meaning of accuracy.

Q. 6. ENIAC (1946) and UNIVAC I (1951) are classroom names of the —

ENIAC (1946) और UNIVAC I (1951) कक्षा-नाम हैं —

a) fourth generation IBM PC only — केवल चौथी पीढ़ी का IBM PC b) first generation (vacuum tube; machine language; room-sized, hot) — पहली पीढ़ी (vacuum tube; मशीन भाषा; कमरे जितनी, गरम) c) fifth-generation phone in a bag — बैग में पाँचवीं पीढ़ी का फोन d) minicomputer department server only — केवल minicomputer विभाग-सर्वर

The first generation (about 1940–1956) uses the vacuum tube as its switch. Machines were huge, hot and hungry for power; the language was machine language (0 and 1). Named machines: ENIAC (1946) and UNIVAC I (1951). A first-generation machine filled a room; it could not sit on a lab table.

Q. 7. IBM 1401 is a typical classroom name of the —

IBM 1401 कक्षा का विशिष्ट नाम है —

a) first-generation vacuum-tube ENIAC only — केवल पहली पीढ़ी का vacuum-tube ENIAC b) fifth-generation ULSI phone — पाँचवीं पीढ़ी का ULSI फोन c) second generation (transistor; magnetic core; assembly and early FORTRAN/COBOL; batch) — दूसरी पीढ़ी (transistor; चुंबकीय कोर; assembly और शुरुआती FORTRAN/COBOL; batch) d) HTML frameset document type — HTML frameset दस्तावेज़-प्रकार

The second generation (about 1956–1963) uses the transistor as its switch. Memory is magnetic core. Languages rise to assembly and the first high-level languages: FORTRAN and COBOL. Batch processing is the common way of work. IBM 1401 is a typical name. Size falls from a room toward a large cabinet, still not a personal desk machine.

Q. 8. IBM System/360 is the classroom mainframe of the —

IBM System/360 कक्षा का mainframe है —

a) only the first-generation vacuum tube — केवल पहली पीढ़ी का vacuum tube b) only a smartphone camera — केवल स्मार्टफोन कैमरा c) only magnetic tape as a pointing device — केवल संकेतक यंत्र के रूप में चुंबकीय टेप d) third generation (integrated circuit; operating systems; multiprogramming and time-sharing) — तीसरी पीढ़ी (integrated circuit; ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम; multiprogramming और time-sharing)

The third generation (about 1964–1971) uses the integrated circuit: many transistors on one silicon chip. Operating systems appear; multiprogramming and time-sharing let more than one program (and more than one user) share the CPU. IBM System/360 is the classroom mainframe of this generation. Keyboards and monitors become ordinary.

Q. 9. Intel 4004 (1971) is remembered as —

Intel 4004 (1971) इसलिए याद है क्योंकि —

a) a whole CPU on one chip — the microprocessor that names the fourth generation (LSI then VLSI) — एक चिप पर पूरा CPU — चौथी पीढ़ी का नाम देने वाला microprocessor (LSI फिर VLSI) b) the vacuum tube of ENIAC — ENIAC का vacuum tube c) a 4GL such as SQL — SQL जैसी 4GL d) a WAN topology — WAN टोपोलॉजी

The fourth generation takes its name from the microprocessor: a whole CPU on one chip (Intel 4004, 1971), built with LSI and then VLSI. Semiconductor RAM replaces core. The IBM PC (1981), GUI and mouse sit here. A new model of the same microprocessor family is still fourth-generation hardware, not a new generation.

Q. 10. Analog versus digital is not the same list as —

Analog बनाम digital उसी सूची का नाम नहीं जितना —

a) the vacuum tube of the first generation — पहली पीढ़ी का vacuum tube b) the four size-types micro, mini, mainframe and super — आकार के चार प्रकार micro, mini, mainframe और super c) SQL as a 4GL — 4GL के रूप में SQL d) star topology around a switch — स्विच के गिर्द star टोपोलॉजी

The four types are types by size, speed and who can share the machine: micro, mini, mainframe, super. They are not analog versus digital (almost every machine named here is digital). Analog versus digital is only a one-line ancestor or signal note, not those four names.

Q. 11. A tablet used only to type an assignment is classed as a —

केवल असाइनमेंट टाइप करने वाला टैबलेट वर्ग है —

a) minicomputer, because the word mini means small — minicomputer, क्योंकि mini का अर्थ छोटा है b) mainframe, because it can save a file — mainframe, क्योंकि फ़ाइल सहेज सकता है c) microcomputer (one microprocessor; classically one person) — the same class as a lab desktop, a laptop and a phone — microcomputer (एक माइक्रोप्रोसेसर; क्लासिक एक व्यक्ति) — लैब डेस्कटॉप, लैपटॉप और फोन जैसा वर्ग d) supercomputer, because it has a screen — supercomputer, क्योंकि स्क्रीन है

A microcomputer is built around a single microprocessor and is meant, classically, for one person at a time. The lab desktop, a laptop, a tablet and a smartphone are all microcomputers. Mini is the next rung: midrange, multi-user, department-level — not a synonym for small, and not a tablet.

Q. 12. DEC’s PDP and VAX historically sat in the class of —

DEC के PDP और VAX ऐतिहासिक रूप से जिस वर्ग में बैठे वे हैं —

a) a phone in a student’s bag — विद्यार्थी के बैग का फोन b) PARAM as the only Indian example of a micro — केवल भारतीय micro उदाहरण के रूप में PARAM c) mainframe: organisation-wide, many terminals, huge I/O — mainframe: पूरे संगठन का, कई टर्मिनल, विशाल I/O d) minicomputer: midrange, multi-user, department-level — tens or a few hundreds of users — minicomputer: मध्यम, बहु-उपयोगकर्ता, विभाग-स्तर — दसियों या कुछ सैकड़ों उपयोगकर्ता

A minicomputer is a midrange, multi-user machine. Historically DEC’s PDP and VAX, and later departmental servers, sat here: tens or a few hundreds of users, more storage and I/O than a PC, less than a mainframe. The word mini is relative to mainframe, not to a phone.

Q. 13. The fetch–decode–execute cycle is run by the —

fetch–decode–execute चक्र चलाता है —

a) CPU: it fetches an instruction, decodes it, executes it, then fetches the next — CPU: निर्देश लाता है, खोलता है, चलाता है, फिर अगला लाता है b) printer as hard copy only — केवल हार्ड कॉपी के रूप में प्रिंटर c) leased line billed per minute — मिनट-भाड़े वाली लीज्ड लाइन d) search engine index only — केवल सर्च इंजन अनुक्रमणिका

In the stored-program (von Neumann) model, instructions and data live in the same memory. The CPU fetches an instruction, decodes it, executes it, then fetches the next — the fetch–decode–execute cycle. The five functional units are input, output, memory, ALU and control unit.

Q. 14. The address bus carries —

Address bus ढोती है —

a) only the actual bytes of an instruction or a character (that is the data bus) — केवल निर्देश या अक्षर की वास्तविक बाइट्स (वह data bus है) b) the location: which memory cell or which device — स्थान: कौन सी स्मृति-कोशिका या कौन सा यंत्र c) only read / write / interrupt / clock commands (that is the control bus) — केवल पढ़ो / लिखो / interrupt / घड़ी के आदेश (वह control bus है) d) only a star-topology token — केवल star टोपोलॉजी का टोकन

A bus is a shared set of wires among CPU, memory and I/O. The address bus carries the location: which memory cell or which device. The data bus carries the actual bytes. The control bus carries commands and status: read, write, interrupt, clock.

Q. 15. Registers sit —

रजिस्टर बैठते हैं —

a) only on magnetic tape in a far store — केवल दूर स्टोर की चुंबकीय टेप पर b) only as a fifth type of LAN — केवल LAN के पाँचवें प्रकार के रूप में c) inside the CPU as tiny, very fast cells (PC, IR, accumulator, MAR, MDR) — they are not RAM — CPU के अंदर छोटी, बहुत तेज़ कोशिकाओं के रूप में (PC, IR, accumulator, MAR, MDR) — RAM नहीं d) only in an HTML style sheet — केवल HTML स्टाइल शीट में

Registers are tiny, very fast storage cells inside the CPU. They are not RAM. RAM sits outside the CPU on the motherboard. The program counter holds the address of the next instruction; the instruction register holds the instruction just fetched; the accumulator holds data the ALU is working on; MAR holds the address being read or written; MDR/MBR holds the byte going to memory or coming from it. Speed order: registers, then cache, then RAM, then secondary.

Q. 16. The program counter (PC) holds —

Program counter (PC) रखता है —

a) only the instruction just fetched (that is the instruction register) — केवल अभी लाया निर्देश (वह instruction register है) b) only the byte going to memory (that is MDR / MBR) — केवल स्मृति को जाती बाइट (वह MDR / MBR है) c) only a debit-card chip — केवल डेबिट-कार्ड चिप d) the address of the next instruction — अगले निर्देश का पता

The program counter (PC) holds the address of the next instruction. The instruction register (IR) holds the instruction just fetched. The accumulator holds data the ALU is working on. MAR holds the address being read or written. These registers are inside the CPU, not in RAM.

Q. 17. DRAM differs from SRAM because DRAM —

DRAM, SRAM से अलग है क्योंकि DRAM —

a) stores each bit as charge on a tiny capacitor and must refresh thousands of times a second; it is cheap main memory — प्रत्येक bit को छोटे capacitor पर चार्ज की तरह रखती है और सेकंड में हज़ारों बार refresh करती है; सस्ती मुख्य स्मृति है b) uses flip-flops, needs no DRAM-style refresh, is faster and dearer, and is used in cache (that is SRAM) — flip-flop से चलती है, DRAM जैसा refresh नहीं, तेज़-महँगी, cache में (वह SRAM है) c) is non-volatile firmware in Mask ROM — Mask ROM में अवाष्पशील firmware है d) is a WAN access method — WAN पहुँच विधि है

RAM is volatile working store. DRAM (dynamic) stores each bit as charge on a tiny capacitor; the charge leaks, so the chip must refresh thousands of times a second. DRAM is cheap and is used as main memory. SRAM (static) uses flip-flops, needs no DRAM-style refresh, is faster and dearer, and is used in cache.

Q. 18. PROM is —

PROM है —

a) written at the factory and never changeable (that is Mask ROM) — कारखाने में लिखी, कभी न बदलने योग्य (वह Mask ROM है) b) blank when bought and can be programmed once with a PROM programmer — खरीदते समय खाली, PROM प्रोग्रामर से एक बार लिखी जा सकती है c) erased by ultraviolet light through a quartz window (that is EPROM) — क्वार्ट्ज खिड़की से UV से मिटती है (वह EPROM है) d) erased electrically without UV (that is EEPROM or flash) — बिना UV विद्युत से मिटती है (वह EEPROM या flash है)

ROM is non-volatile. Mask ROM is written at the factory and cannot be changed. PROM is blank when bought and can be programmed once. EPROM has a quartz window; ultraviolet light erases it, then it can be programmed again. EEPROM and flash are erased electrically. BIOS start-up code lives in ROM as firmware.

Q. 19. Flash memory used in a BIOS chip is —

BIOS चिप में प्रयुक्त flash स्मृति है —

a) volatile DRAM that must refresh — वाष्पशील DRAM जिसे refresh चाहिए b) magnetic tape sequential access only — केवल चुंबकीय टेप की क्रमिक पहुँच c) a form of EEPROM: electrical erase, used in BIOS chips and also as the technology inside a pen drive — EEPROM का रूप: विद्युत मिटान, BIOS चिप में और पेन ड्राइव की तकनीक के रूप में भी d) a star-topology hub — star टोपोलॉजी का हब

Flash is a form of EEPROM used in BIOS chips and in pen drives. The pen drive itself is secondary storage; the flash technology is shared. ROM is non-volatile; RAM is volatile. Firmware on a PC is the small start-up program in ROM (BIOS) that tests hardware and loads the OS.

Q. 20. A hard disk stores bits as magnetic spots on spinning —

हार्ड डिस्क bit को चुंबकीय धब्बों के रूप में घूमते हुए जिन पर रखती है वे हैं —

a) only a quartz EPROM window — केवल EPROM की क्वार्ट्ज खिड़की b) only an HTML frameset — केवल HTML frameset c) only a debit-card PAN — केवल डेबिट-कार्ड PAN d) platters, with tracks, sectors and a cylinder of the same track number on all platters — प्लैटर, ट्रैक, सेक्टर और सभी प्लैटर पर उसी ट्रैक-संख्या का सिलेंडर

A hard disk drive stores bits as magnetic spots on spinning platters. Each platter face is divided into concentric tracks; each track is cut into sectors (often 512 bytes in older books). A cylinder is the same track number on all platters. Access is direct. Capacity today is in TB. It is the classic C: drive of a lab PC.

Q. 21. An SSD is secondary storage that —

SSD द्वितीयक भंडारण है जो —

a) uses flash chips, has no spinning platter, and is direct access — faster and dearer per bit than a spinning HDD — flash चिप चलाता है, घूमता प्लैटर नहीं, प्रत्यक्ष पहुँच — घूमती HDD से तेज़, प्रति bit महँगा b) is sequential tape for bulk backup only — केवल विशाल बैकअप की क्रमिक टेप है c) is volatile like DRAM when power stays on — बिजली रहते DRAM जैसी वाष्पशील है d) is a 3GL compiled like C — C जैसी कंपाइल 3GL है

An SSD (solid-state drive) uses flash chips and has no spinning platter. Access is direct, like a disk, not sequential like tape. It is faster and usually dearer per bit than a spinning HDD. Secondary memory is non-volatile store that is cheaper per bit and slower than RAM: HDD, SSD, optical disk, tape.

Q. 22. A light pen is a pointing device that —

लाइट पेन संकेतक यंत्र है जो —

a) types character codes like a keyboard as its main job — मुख्य काम कीबोर्ड की तरह अक्षर-कूट टाइप करना है b) points at a CRT screen — CRT स्क्रीन पर इशारा करता है c) prints hard copy like a laser printer — लेज़र प्रिंटर की तरह हार्ड कॉपी छापता है d) stores overnight files on tape — टेप पर रात भर फ़ाइलें रखता है

A pointing device controls a pointer on the screen: mouse, trackball, touchpad, joystick, light pen, digitizing tablet, touch screen. A light pen points at a CRT screen. A keyboard is input but not pointing.

Q. 23. A scanner as an input device —

निवेश यंत्र के रूप में स्कैनर —

a) strikes a ribbon to print carbon copies — कार्बन प्रति छापने को रिबन मारता है b) is the control unit inside the CPU — CPU के अंदर नियंत्रण इकाई है c) makes a digital picture of a page — पृष्ठ का डिजिटल चित्र बनाता है d) is a MAN covering a city — शहर ढकने वाला MAN है

An input device sends data and instructions into the computer. A scanner makes a digital picture of a page. A keyboard types character codes. A microphone is sound input; a webcam is image and video input. A printer is output (hard copy); a monitor is output (soft copy).

Q. 24. Decimal uses the digits —

Decimal ये अंक चलाता है —

a) 0 and 1 only (that is binary, base 2) — केवल 0 और 1 (वह binary है, आधार 2) b) 0 through 7 only (that is octal, base 8) — केवल 0 से 7 (वह octal है, आधार 8) c) 0–9 and A–F (that is hexadecimal, base 16) — 0–9 और A–F (वह hexadecimal है, आधार 16) d) 0 through 9 (base 10) — 0 से 9 (आधार 10)

Decimal has base 10 and digits 0–9. Binary has base 2 (0 and 1). Octal has base 8 (0–7). Hexadecimal has base 16 (0–9 and A–F, where A=10 … F=15). Because 16 = 2⁴, four binary bits make one hex digit; because 8 = 2³, three bits make one octal digit.

Q. 25. Octal uses the digits —

Octal ये अंक चलाता है —

a) 0 through 7 only; digit 8 cannot appear in a pure octal number — केवल 0 से 7; शुद्ध octal में अंक 8 नहीं आ सकता b) 0 and 1 only — केवल 0 और 1 c) 0–9 and A–F — 0–9 और A–F d) 0 through 9 only, never grouped in threes — केवल 0 से 9, तीन-तीन समूह कभी नहीं

Octal has base 8. Digits are 0–7. Digit 8 cannot appear in a pure octal number. Binary to octal groups bits in threes from the right; pad the left if needed. Example: 1100100₂ → 001 100 100 → 144₈, which is 100 in decimal.

Q. 26. 10₁₀ in binary is —

10₁₀ binary में है —

a) 100100₂ (that is 36₁₀) — 100100₂ (वह 36₁₀ है) b) 1010₂ — 1010₂ c) 1100100₂ (that is 100₁₀) — 1100100₂ (वह 100₁₀ है) d) 1111₂ (that is 15₁₀) — 1111₂ (वह 15₁₀ है)

Decimal 10 to binary: divide by 2 and read remainders from bottom to top — 10÷2 → 5 r0; 5÷2 → 2 r1; 2÷2 → 1 r0; 1÷2 → 0 r1. Remainders upward give 1010₂ (8+2=10). 100100₂ is 36. 1100100₂ is 100. 1111₂ is 15.

Q. 27. 15₁₀ in hexadecimal is —

15₁₀ hexadecimal में है —

a) 24₁₆ (that is 36₁₀) — 24₁₆ (वह 36₁₀ है) b) 64₁₆ (that is 100₁₀) — 64₁₆ (वह 100₁₀ है) c) F₁₆ — F₁₆ d) A₁₆ (that is 10₁₀) — A₁₆ (वह 10₁₀ है)

Hex digits run 0–9 then A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, F=15. So 15₁₀ is F₁₆. 24₁₆ is 2×16+4=36. 64₁₆ is 100. A₁₆ is 10. 15 in octal is 17₈ (1×8+7).

Q. 28. To convert binary to hexadecimal you group bits —

Binary से hexadecimal बदलने को bit समूह करते हो —

a) in threes from the right (that is binary to octal) — दाएँ से तीन-तीन (वह binary से octal है) b) in tens from the left only — केवल बाएँ से दस-दस c) never; binary cannot become hex — कभी नहीं; binary hex नहीं बन सकता d) in fours from the right (pad the left if needed); 16 = 2⁴ — दाएँ से चार-चार (बाएँ शून्य भर सकते हो); 16 = 2⁴

Binary to hex: group bits in fours from the right; pad the left with zeros if needed. 16 = 2⁴, so four bits make one hex digit. Example: 1100100₂ → 0110 0100 → 64₁₆ (which is 100 in decimal). Binary to octal groups in threes: 001 100 100 → 144₈.

Q. 29. 1010₂ in decimal is —

1010₂ decimal में है —

a) 10₁₀ (8+2) — 10₁₀ (8+2) b) 36₁₀ — 36₁₀ c) 100₁₀ — 100₁₀ d) 15₁₀ — 15₁₀

Other base → decimal: expand by place value and add. 1010₂ = 1×8 + 0×4 + 1×2 + 0×1 = 10₁₀. 100100₂ = 32+4 = 36. 1100100₂ = 64+32+4 = 100. 1111₂ = 8+4+2+1 = 15.

Q. 30. AND of inputs 1 and 0 gives —

निवेश 1 और 0 पर AND देता है —

a) 1, because OR would be 1 here and AND is the same as OR — 1, क्योंकि यहाँ OR 1 होता और AND, OR के बराबर है b) 0, because AND is 1 only when every input is 1 — 0, क्योंकि AND 1 तभी जब हर निवेश 1 हो c) always 1 for any pair — किसी भी जोड़े पर सदैव 1 d) the opposite of NOT on a single 1 only — केवल एक 1 पर NOT का उलटा

AND output is 1 only if every input is 1. For inputs 1 and 0 the output is 0. Example: the lab printer prints a mark-sheet only if marks ≥ 36 and fees are paid. OR is 1 if at least one input is 1. NOT inverts a single input.

Q. 31. NAND of inputs 1 and 1 gives —

निवेश 1 और 1 पर NAND देता है —

a) 1, because AND of 1 and 1 is 1 and NAND copies AND — 1, क्योंकि 1 और 1 का AND 1 है और NAND, AND की नकल है b) always 1 for 1 and 1 — 1 और 1 पर सदैव 1 c) 0, because NAND is AND followed by NOT: output is 0 only when every input is 1 — 0, क्योंकि NAND = AND फिर NOT: सभी निवेश 1 हों तभी निर्गम 0 d) the same as XOR of two equal inputs only, which is 1 — केवल दो समान निवेश के XOR के बराबर, जो 1 है

NAND is AND followed by NOT: output is 0 only when every input is 1. So NAND(1,1) = 0. NOR is OR followed by NOT: output is 1 only when every input is 0. NAND and NOR are universal gates: any other gate can be built from NAND alone, or from NOR alone.

Q. 32. NOR output is 1 only when —

NOR निर्गम 1 तभी जब —

a) every input is 1 (that is AND) — हर निवेश 1 हो (वह AND है) b) the inputs differ (that is XOR) — निवेश अलग हों (वह XOR है) c) the inputs are the same (that is XNOR) — निवेश समान हों (वह XNOR है) d) every input is 0 (NOR is OR followed by NOT) — हर निवेश 0 हो (NOR = OR फिर NOT)

NOR is OR followed by NOT. OR is 1 if at least one input is 1, so NOR is 1 only when every input is 0. NAND is 0 only when every input is 1. XOR is 1 when inputs differ; XNOR is 1 when they are the same.

Q. 33. XOR of inputs 1 and 0 gives —

निवेश 1 और 0 पर XOR देता है —

a) 1, because XOR is 1 when the inputs differ — 1, क्योंकि XOR तब 1 जब निवेश अलग हों b) 0, because XOR is 1 only when inputs are the same — 0, क्योंकि XOR केवल समान निवेश पर 1 है c) always 0 for any pair — किसी भी जोड़े पर सदैव 0 d) the same as AND of 1 and 0, which is 1 — 1 और 0 के AND के बराबर, जो 1 है

XOR output is 1 when the inputs are different (01 or 10) and 0 when they are the same (00 or 11). So XOR(1,0) = 1. XNOR is the opposite: 1 when the inputs are the same. For A=1, B=1, XOR = 0 and XNOR = 1.

Q. 34. XNOR of inputs 1 and 1 gives —

निवेश 1 और 1 पर XNOR देता है —

a) 0, because XOR of 1 and 1 is 0 and XNOR copies XOR — 0, क्योंकि 1 और 1 का XOR 0 है और XNOR, XOR की नकल है b) 1, because XNOR is 1 when the inputs are the same — 1, क्योंकि XNOR तब 1 जब निवेश समान हों c) always 0 for two ones — दो एक पर सदैव 0 d) the same as NAND of 1 and 1, which is 1 — 1 और 1 के NAND के बराबर, जो 1 है

XNOR is the opposite of XOR: 1 when the inputs are the same (00 or 11) and 0 when they differ. So XNOR(1,1) = 1. XOR(1,1) = 0. NAND(1,1) = 0. AND(1,1) = 1.

Q. 35. A high-level language as 3GL is —

3GL के रूप में उच्च-स्तरीय भाषा है —

a) only binary 0 and 1 with no translator (that is 1GL) — केवल binary 0 और 1, बिना अनुवादक (वह 1GL है) b) only mnemonics ADD, SUB, MOV (that is 2GL) — केवल संकेत ADD, SUB, MOV (वह 2GL है) c) a classic procedural language in which you write how to do the job step by step — COBOL, FORTRAN, C, Pascal, Java — क्लासिक प्रक्रिया भाषा जिसमें कैसे, चरण-चरण लिखते हो — COBOL, FORTRAN, C, Pascal, Java d) only HTML markup tags — केवल HTML मार्कअप टैग

A 3GL is a classic high-level procedural language: you write how to do the job step by step — COBOL, FORTRAN, C, Pascal, Java. A 4GL sits closer to what: SQL, report generators, form tools. HTML is markup for a browser, not a 3GL the CPU compiles like C. Machine language (1GL) is binary; assembly (2GL) uses mnemonics.

Q. 36. An interpreter —

Interpreter —

a) translates the whole program into machine code first, then you run the result (that is a compiler) — पूरे प्रोग्राम को पहले मशीन कोड में बदलता है, फिर चलाते हो (वह compiler है) b) translates assembly mnemonics into machine language (that is an assembler) — assembly संकेतों को मशीन भाषा में बदलता है (वह assembler है) c) is a leased-line protocol — लीज्ड-लाइन प्रोटोकॉल है d) translates and runs a high-level program line by line and stops at the first error it meets while running (classic BASIC) — उच्च-स्तरीय प्रोग्राम को पंक्ति-पंक्ति अनुवाद कर चलाता है और चलते पहली त्रुटि पर रुकता है (क्लासिक BASIC)

An interpreter translates and runs line by line (classic BASIC) and stops at the first error it meets while running. A compiler translates the whole high-level program into machine code, then you run the result; it can find many errors before the program runs. An assembler translates assembly (2GL) into machine language.

Q. 37. FORTRAN and COBOL are classroom examples of —

FORTRAN और COBOL कक्षा-उदाहरण हैं —

a) 3GL high-level languages (second generation already used the first of them; they are not 1GL binary) — 3GL उच्च-स्तरीय भाषाएँ (दूसरी पीढ़ी पहले ही इनमें से पहली चलाती थी; वे 1GL binary नहीं) b) 1GL machine language of ENIAC only — केवल ENIAC की 1GL मशीन भाषा c) 4GL SQL report tools only — केवल 4GL SQL रिपोर्ट औज़ार d) HTML Frameset document types — HTML Frameset दस्तावेज़-प्रकार

FORTRAN and COBOL are classic 3GL high-level languages. They appear with the second generation (transistor; magnetic core; batch) as the first high-level languages, and they remain 3GL examples beside C, Pascal and Java. They are not machine language (1GL) and not 4GL tools such as SQL.

Q. 38. SQL as named with 4GL —

4GL के साथ नामित SQL —

a) is binary 0 and 1 for one CPU model — एक CPU मॉडल के binary 0 और 1 है b) sits closer to what than to how: you name the result more than the steps; it is not “the language of a fourth-generation PC” — कैसे से अधिक क्या के निकट: परिणाम को चरणों से अधिक नाम; “चौथी पीढ़ी के PC की भाषा” नहीं c) is the same as HTML markup — HTML मार्कअप के बराबर है d) is a bus topology token — bus टोपोलॉजी का टोकन है

A 4GL sits closer to what: you name the result more than the steps — SQL, report generators, form tools. A 3GL writes how step by step. 4GL is not “the language of a fourth-generation PC”; a PC can run 3GL. The generation-number of the language is not the generation-number of the hardware.

Q. 39. 2GL is another name for —

2GL दूसरे नाम से है —

a) SQL naming the result more than the steps — परिणाम को चरणों से अधिक नाम करने वाला SQL b) HTML character tags — HTML अक्षर-टैग c) assembly language: mnemonics such as ADD, SUB, MOV, JMP, translated by an assembler into machine language — assembly भाषा: ADD, SUB, MOV, JMP जैसे संकेत, जिन्हें assembler मशीन भाषा में बदलता है d) batch processing of punched cards as an OS type — OS प्रकार के रूप में पंच-कार्ड का batch

Assembly language (2GL) replaces raw bits with mnemonics such as ADD, SUB, MOV, JMP. An assembler translates it into machine language. One assembly line still maps to about one machine instruction. The programmer must still know registers and memory. Machine language (1GL) needs no translator.

Q. 40. 64₁₀ in binary is —

64₁₀ binary में है —

a) 100100₂ (that is 36₁₀) — 100100₂ (वह 36₁₀ है) b) 1010₂ (that is 10₁₀) — 1010₂ (वह 10₁₀ है) c) 1111₂ (that is 15₁₀) — 1111₂ (वह 15₁₀ है) d) 1000000₂ — 1000000₂

Decimal 64 is 2⁶, so in binary it is 1 followed by six zeros: 1000000₂. Check: 64÷2 chain of remainders read from bottom to top gives the same bits. 100100₂ is 36. 1010₂ is 10. 1111₂ is 15. The same 64 is 100₈ and 40₁₆.

Q. 41. A nibble is —

Nibble है —

a) 4 bits; a byte is 8 bits (enough for one character in the older codes) — 4 bit; byte 8 bit है (पुराने कोड में एक अक्षर) b) the same as a terabyte of disk — डिस्क के terabyte के बराबर c) a WAN covering a country — देश ढकने वाला WAN d) a frameset row — frameset की पंक्ति

A bit is 0 or 1; a nibble is 4 bits; a byte is 8 bits (enough for one character in the older codes). In the binary convention Sinha uses, 1024 bytes = 1 KB; 1024 KB = 1 MB; then GB, TB. Four bits also make one hexadecimal digit.

Q. 42. The OS is needed because it —

OS इसलिए चाहिए क्योंकि वह —

a) is application software such as a word processor only — केवल वर्ड प्रोसेसर जैसा एप्लिकेशन सॉफ्टवेयर है b) is a resource manager: it loads programs, allots RAM, keeps named files, talks to keyboard, mouse, monitor and printer, and offers a CUI or GUI — संसाधन-प्रबंधक है: प्रोग्राम लादता है, RAM बाँटता है, नामित फ़ाइलें रखता है, कीबोर्ड-माउस-मॉनिटर-प्रिंटर से बात करता है, CUI या GUI देता है c) is firmware sitting in ROM only — केवल ROM में बैठा firmware है d) is a pointing device — संकेतक यंत्र है

An operating system is system software that manages hardware and gives the user and application programs a way to use that hardware. It is a resource manager: process, memory, file, device/I/O, and a user interface (CUI such as MS-DOS, or GUI). Application software asks the OS; it does not drive the hardware directly. Firmware (BIOS) starts the machine; the OS is the first useful program after that.

Q. 43. Multiprogramming means —

Multiprogramming का अर्थ है —

a) more than one CPU working together (that is multiprocessing) — एक से अधिक CPU साथ काम (वह multiprocessing है) b) jobs in a pile with no talk while they run (that is batch) — कामों का ढेर, चलते बात नहीं (वह batch है) c) more than one program kept in memory so the CPU is not idle while one program waits for disk — not the same as multiprocessing (more than one CPU) — स्मृति में एक से अधिक प्रोग्राम ताकि डिस्क की प्रतीक्षा में CPU खाली न रहे — multiprocessing (एक से अधिक CPU) नहीं d) one person at one keyboard on desktop Windows (that is single user, even with multitasking) — डेस्कटॉप Windows पर कीबोर्ड पर एक व्यक्ति (वह single user है, multitasking के साथ भी)

Multiprogramming keeps more than one program in memory so the CPU is not idle while one program waits for a disk. Multiprocessing means more than one processor (CPU) working together. A dual-core lab PC is a small multiprocessing machine.

Q. 44. MS-DOS is a classroom example of —

MS-DOS कक्षा-उदाहरण है —

a) time sharing of many terminals on one cabinet — एक कैबिनेट पर कई टर्मिनलों का time sharing b) HTML markup language — HTML मार्कअप भाषा c) a fifth-generation ULSI switch — पाँचवीं पीढ़ी का ULSI स्विच d) a CUI single-user operating system (you type commands); desktop Windows is a GUI single-user OS with multitasking — CUI single-user ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम (कमांड टाइप करते हो); डेस्कटॉप Windows GUI single-user OS है, multitasking के साथ

Single user means one person uses the machine at a time. MS-DOS is the classroom CUI example; a classic desktop Windows is a single-user OS with a GUI (one person at the keyboard, even if several programs are open). Time sharing is many users sharing one CPU by time slices on a mini or mainframe.

Q. 45. WIMP names —

WIMP नाम करता है —

a) windows, icons, menus, pointer — the GUI you work with on Windows — windows, icons, menus, pointer — Windows पर जिस GUI से काम करते हो b) WAN, ISDN, modem, PAPA — WAN, ISDN, मॉडेम, PAPA c) only batch, single user, multiprocessing, time sharing — केवल batch, single user, multiprocessing, time sharing d) only AND, OR, NOT, XOR — केवल AND, OR, NOT, XOR

Windows is Microsoft’s family of GUI operating systems for microcomputers. You work with windows, icons, menus and a pointer (WIMP). After log-in you see the desktop, taskbar and Start. Windows is not the Internet and not HTML. DOS is the older CUI operating system.

Q. 46. Recycle Bin on Windows —

Windows पर Recycle Bin —

a) compiles a 3GL — 3GL कंपाइल करता है b) holds deleted files until you empty it — मिटाई फ़ाइलें खाली करने तक रखता है c) joins unlike mail protocols as a gateway — गेटवे की तरह उलटी मेल-प्रणालियाँ जोड़ता है d) chooses Internet routes as a router does — राउटर की तरह इंटरनेट के मार्ग चुनता है

Classic desktop icons include the computer (drives C:, D:), Recycle Bin (deleted files wait here until you empty it), and folders you create for an assignment. Explorer shows the tree of files and folders. Control Panel (or Settings) changes date, display, printer and mouse. Shut down through Start so that files in RAM are written back to disk.

Q. 47. File Explorer is used to —

File Explorer का उपयोग है —

a) change only the system clock as Control Panel does — केवल सिस्टम घड़ी बदलना जैसा Control Panel करता है b) compile COBOL — COBOL कंपाइल करना c) show the tree of named files and folders on disk (a path under a student folder on the lab disk) — डिस्क पर नामित फ़ाइलों और फ़ोल्डरों का पेड़ दिखाना (लैब डिस्क पर विद्यार्थी फ़ोल्डर के नीचे पथ) d) split an HTML window into frames — HTML खिड़की फ्रेम में बाँटना

Files hold data (a.docx assignment); folders hold files and other folders. Explorer (File Explorer) shows the tree. Path example: a file on the lab disk under a student folder. Control Panel changes date, display, printers and mouse — that is not Explorer’s job.

Q. 48. Shut down Windows through Start so that —

Windows को Start से Shut down इसलिए करो ताकि —

a) Mask ROM is erased by ultraviolet light — Mask ROM UV से मिटे b) a leased line is billed per minute — लीज्ड लाइन का मिनट-भाड़ा लगे c) NAND becomes a 4GL — NAND 4GL बन जाए d) files in RAM are written back to disk, because RAM is volatile — RAM की फ़ाइलें डिस्क पर लिखी जाएँ, क्योंकि RAM वाष्पशील है

Shut down through Start so that files in RAM are written back to disk. RAM is volatile: when power goes, the contents go, so an unsaved assignment vanishes. Secondary memory (disk) keeps the file overnight.

Q. 49. TCP/IP is —

TCP/IP है —

a) the protocol family for the Internet — agreed rules so that data can move — पुस्तकों द्वारा इंटरनेट के लिए नामित प्रोटोकॉल-परिवार — सहमत नियम ताकि डेटा चले b) a search engine website — सर्च इंजन वेबसाइट c) an HTML document type — HTML दस्तावेज़-प्रकार d) a pointing device — संकेतक यंत्र

The Internet is a worldwide network of networks joined by agreed protocols so that data can move. That protocol family is TCP/IP. It is not one company’s wire and not only the WWW. E-mail, the WWW and search engines are services on the Internet. The Internet existed before the WWW.

Q. 50. SMTP is used to —

SMTP का उपयोग है —

a) draw an HTML page in a browser — ब्राउज़र में HTML पृष्ठ खींचना b) send e-mail; POP or IMAP fetches mail to a PC — ई-मेल भेजना; POP या IMAP मेल PC पर लाते हैं c) choose Internet routes as a router does — राउटर की तरह इंटरनेट के मार्ग चुनना d) erase EPROM with ultraviolet light — UV से EPROM मिटाना

E-mail sends a message from one mailbox to another. An address has the shape user@domain. SMTP is the classroom name for sending; POP or IMAP for fetching mail to a PC. To is the main recipient; Cc sends a visible copy; Bcc sends a copy the other To/Cc names do not see. E-mail is not the WWW.

Q. 51. Cc on an e-mail —

ई-मेल पर Cc —

a) is the only way to attach a.docx — docx जोड़ने का एकमात्र तरीका है b) is the URL of a web page — वेब पृष्ठ का URL है c) sends a visible copy; Bcc (blind carbon copy) sends a copy the other To/Cc names do not see — दिखती प्रति भेजता है; Bcc (blind carbon copy) वह प्रति भेजता है जिसे दूसरे To/Cc नाम नहीं देखते d) is a 3GL compiler switch — 3GL compiler स्विच है

To is the main recipient; Cc (carbon copy) sends a visible copy; Bcc (blind carbon copy) sends a copy the other To/Cc names do not see. An attachment is a file that rides with the message. Inbox, sent, draft and trash are the usual folders.

Q. 52. A URL is —

URL है —

a) an e-mail address of the shape user@domain — user@domain आकार का ई-मेल पता b) a Windows Recycle Bin path only — केवल Windows Recycle Bin पथ c) a hexadecimal digit — hexadecimal अंक d) the address of a web page: protocol, then the site name, then a path (as in http:// then a college site and /notices) — वेब पृष्ठ का पता: प्रोटोकॉल, फिर साइट नाम, फिर पथ (जैसे http:// फिर कॉलेज साइट और /notices)

A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the address of a page: protocol, then the site name, then a path. HTTP is the protocol that fetches web pages. HTML is the language those pages are written in. A web page is one document; a website is a set of related pages; the home page is the front door. A hyperlink is the clickable jump from one page to another.

Q. 53. HTTP is —

HTTP है —

a) the protocol that fetches web pages — वह प्रोटोकॉल जो वेब पृष्ठ लाता है b) the language those pages are written in (that is HTML) — उन पृष्ठों की भाषा (वह HTML है) c) the protocol family of the whole Internet (that is TCP/IP) — पूरे इंटरनेट का प्रोटोकॉल-परिवार (वह TCP/IP है) d) the protocol for sending e-mail (that is SMTP) — ई-मेल भेजने का प्रोटोकॉल (वह SMTP है)

HTTP is the protocol that fetches web pages. HTML is the language those pages are written in. TCP/IP is the protocol family of the Internet. SMTP sends e-mail. The WWW is a service on the Internet, not the whole Internet.

Q. 54. A website is —

Website है —

a) the whole Internet including e-mail — ई-मेल समेत पूरा इंटरनेट b) a set of related web pages; a web page is one document; the home page is the front door — संबंधित वेब पृष्ठों का समूह; web page एक दस्तावेज़; home page सामने का दरवाज़ा c) a single-user CUI such as MS-DOS — MS-DOS जैसा single-user CUI d) a supercomputer at C-DAC — C-DAC का supercomputer

The WWW joins pages of text, pictures and links. A web page is one document; a website is a set of related pages; the home page is the front door. A hyperlink is the clickable jump. A browser requests a URL, receives HTML, and draws the page. A search engine is a website that finds other pages.

Q. 55. Internet Explorer is —

Internet Explorer है —

a) a search engine that crawls and ranks pages — सर्च इंजन जो पृष्ठ रेंगे और क्रम दे b) the Internet itself — इंटरनेट स्वयं c) a web browser — application software that requests a URL, receives HTML, and draws the page — वेब ब्राउज़र — एप्लिकेशन सॉफ्टवेयर जो URL माँगे, HTML ले, पृष्ठ खींचे d) an operating system family — ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम परिवार

A web browser is application software that requests a URL, receives HTML, and draws the page on the screen. The books name Internet Explorer; a lab today also has Edge, Chrome or Firefox. A search engine is a website that finds other pages by crawling, indexing and ranking. The browser is the window; the search engine is used through it.

Q. 56. HTML markup is not —

HTML मार्कअप नहीं है —

a) the language of ordinary web pages — साधारण वेब पृष्ठों की भाषा b) wrapped in tags around content — सामग्री के गिर्द टैगों में लिपटा c) what a simple HTML program as a small page still is — सरल HTML प्रोग्राम के रूप में छोटा पृष्ठ अभी भी यही है d) a 3GL the CPU compiles like C; it is tags that tell the browser how to show a page — C जैसी कंपाइल 3GL; यह टैग हैं जो ब्राउज़र को बताएँ पृष्ठ कैसे दिखाए

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the language of ordinary web pages. Markup means you wrap content in tags that tell the browser how to show it; it is not a 3GL the CPU compiles like C. A simple HTML program is a small page of those tags. HTML 4 document types include Strict, Transitional and Frameset.

Q. 57. The html element —

html तत्व —

a) wraps everything; head holds information about the page (including title); body holds what the visitor sees — सब लपेटता है; head पृष्ठ के बारे में जानकारी (title समेत); body वह जो आगंतुक देखे b) is only a style sheet — केवल स्टाइल शीट है c) sends POST data — POST डेटा भेजता है d) is a 4GL — 4GL है

The skeleton is html around everything; head (information about the page) then body (what the visitor sees). The title is the text on the browser tab; it sits in the head, not as a heading inside the body. h1 to h6 are on-page headings.

Q. 58. Empty HTML elements include —

खाली HTML तत्वों में हैं —

a) only <table> with rows — केवल पंक्तियों वाला <table> b) <br> (line break), <hr> (horizontal rule), <img> — <br> (पंक्ति), <hr> (क्षैतिज रेखा), <img> c) only <form> with POST — केवल POST वाला <form> d) only <frameset> — केवल <frameset>

Some elements are empty: br (line break), hr (horizontal rule), img. Character formatting includes b bold, i italic, u underline, sup superscript, sub subscript. A paragraph is p. Headings are h1 to h6.

Q. 59. h1 to h6 are —

h1 से h6 हैं —

a) the title element in the head — head में title तत्व b) GET and POST methods — GET और POST विधियाँ c) on-page headings inside the body, not the title on the browser tab — body के भीतर पृष्ठ के शीर्षक, ब्राउज़र टैब का title नहीं d) LAN, MAN and WAN — LAN, MAN और WAN

h1 to h6 are on-page headings. The title is the text on the browser tab; it sits in the head. The skeleton is html around everything; head then body. A heading is not a URL and not a style sheet.

Q. 60. A form’s action is —

फॉर्म का action है —

a) only an internal style block — केवल आंतरिक स्टाइल ब्लॉक b) only a frameset col width — केवल frameset की col चौड़ाई c) only a hexadecimal base — केवल hexadecimal आधार d) the URL of the program that receives the collected input; method is GET or POST — उस प्रोग्राम का URL जो इकट्ठा निवेश ले; method GET या POST है

A form collects input and sends it to a program (the action URL) by GET or POST. GET appends the data to the URL, so it can be seen in the address bar. POST sends the data in the body of the request — the usual choice for a password. Controls include text, password, radio, checkbox, submit, reset, textarea and select.

Q. 61. An external style sheet is —

बाहरी स्टाइल शीट है —

a) a.css file linked from many pages so the whole lab site shares colour and font — .css फ़ाइल कई पृष्ठों से जुड़ी ताकि पूरी लैब साइट रंग और फ़ॉन्ट साझा करे b) a style attribute on one tag only (that is inline) — केवल एक टैग पर style गुण (वह inline है) c) a <style> block in the head for that page only (that is internal) — केवल उस पृष्ठ के head में <style> ब्लॉक (वह internal है) d) a POST form body — POST फॉर्म का शरीर

Style sheets separate look from HTML structure. Three places: inline — a style attribute on one tag; internal — a style block in the head for that page; external — a.css file linked from many pages. HTML says this is a heading; the style sheet says the heading is blue.

Q. 62. <noframes> holds —

<noframes> रखता है —

a) GET data in the address bar — address bar में GET डेटा b) text for a browser that cannot show frames — उन ब्राउज़रों के लिए पाठ जो फ्रेम न दिखाएँ c) BIOS firmware — BIOS firmware d) a debit-card PAN — डेबिट-कार्ड PAN

A frameset document splits the browser window into named rectangles, each showing its own HTML file. The outer file uses frameset with rows or cols and frame src for each pane. noframes holds text for a browser that cannot show frames. Frameset is also an HTML 4 document type.

Q. 63. Compared with a WAN, a LAN is typically —

WAN की तुलना में LAN प्रायः —

a) always slower and always global — सदैव धीमा और सदैव वैश्विक b) the same word as a supercomputer — supercomputer का पर्याय c) higher speed, shorter distance, usually owned by one organisation (one lab, one floor, one college building) — ऊँची गति, छोटी दूरी, प्रायः एक संस्था की (एक लैब, एक मंज़िल, एक कॉलेज भवन) d) a 4GL such as SQL — SQL जैसी 4GL

A LAN covers a small area: one lab, one floor, one college building. Speed is high; it is usually owned by one organisation. A MAN covers a city. A WAN covers a country or the world and typically uses hired links (leased lines, ISDN, later the public Internet). The Internet is a WAN.

Q. 64. The Internet as a whole is classed as a —

पूरा इंटरनेट वर्ग है —

a) LAN inside one lab room only — केवल एक लैब कमरे के अंदर LAN b) MAN covering only one college floor — केवल एक कॉलेज मंज़िल ढकने वाला MAN c) bus topology cable only — केवल bus टोपोलॉजी की केबल d) WAN (wide area network) — large, even global, typically on hired long-distance links — WAN (व्यापक क्षेत्र नेटवर्क) — बड़ा, यहाँ तक कि वैश्विक, प्रायः किराए के दूर-लिंक पर

A WAN is large, even global. It typically uses hired links — leased lines, ISDN, later the public Internet — rather than cables the college itself laid inside one room. The Internet is a WAN. A LAN is one lab or building; a MAN covers a city.

Q. 65. Partial mesh means —

आंशिक mesh का अर्थ है —

a) fewer extra links than full mesh: if one link fails, other paths can still run, at lower cost than every pair linked — पूर्ण mesh से कम अतिरिक्त कड़ियाँ: एक लिंक टूटे तो दूसरे मार्ग चल सकते हैं, हर जोड़े के लिंक से सस्ता b) every pair of stations has a link (that is full mesh) — हर जोड़े का लिंक (वह पूर्ण mesh है) c) one shared backbone only (that is bus) — केवल एक साझा रीढ़ (वह bus है) d) each station to a central hub only (that is star) — केवल केंद्रीय हब से प्रत्येक स्टेशन (वह star है)

Mesh: many stations link to many others. Full mesh means every pair has a link — very reliable, very expensive, used where a WAN must not fail. Partial mesh is fewer extra links. If one link fails, other paths still run. Ring joins two neighbours in a loop; bus uses one shared backbone.

Q. 66. A token in ring topology —

Ring टोपोलॉजी में टोकन —

a) is an HTML title in the head — head में HTML title है b) or a turn to speak, travels the ring so that stations take turns — या बोलने की बारी, रिंग पर घूमती है ताकि स्टेशन बारी लें c) is a debit card — डेबिट कार्ड है d) is Mask ROM — Mask ROM है

Ring topology: each station joins two neighbours in a loop. A token or a turn to speak travels the ring. A single break can stop the ring unless a second ring is built for backup. Star gives each station its own cable to a hub or switch. Bus uses one shared backbone; if that backbone breaks, the whole bus is silent.

Q. 67. A switch in a star lab —

Star लैब में स्विच —

a) repeats every incoming bit to every port (that is a hub) — हर आने वाला bit हर पोर्ट पर दोहराता है (वह हब है) b) turns bits into a telephone wave (that is a modem) — bit को टेलीफोन तरंग बनाता है (वह मॉडेम है) c) forwards a frame only toward the destination port, so other PCs are not flooded with that traffic — फ्रेम केवल गंतव्य पोर्ट की ओर भेजता है, इसलिए दूसरे PC उस ट्रैफ़िक से नहीं भरते d) joins unlike mail protocols as a full gateway only — केवल पूरे गेटवे की तरह उलटी मेल-प्रणालियाँ जोड़ता है

In star topology each station has its own cable to a central hub or switch. A hub repeats every incoming bit to every port. A switch forwards a frame only toward the destination port. A modern college lab is almost always a star around a switch, not a hub.

Q. 68. A hub floods a star because it —

हब star को इसलिए भरता है क्योंकि वह —

a) forwards a frame only toward the destination (that is a switch) — फ्रेम केवल गंतव्य की ओर भेजता है (वह स्विच है) b) joins two same-protocol LAN segments and keeps local traffic local (that is a bridge) — दो समान-प्रोटोकॉल LAN खंड जोड़ता है और स्थानीय ट्रैफ़िक स्थानीय रखता है (वह ब्रिज है) c) chooses a path by address across different networks (that is a router) — अलग नेटवर्कों पर पते से मार्ग चुनता है (वह राउटर है) d) repeats every incoming bit to every port — हर आने वाला bit हर पोर्ट पर दोहराता है

A hub repeats every incoming bit to every port. A switch forwards a frame only toward the destination port, so other PCs are not flooded. A bridge joins two LAN segments that speak the same protocol. A router joins different networks and chooses a path by address.

Q. 69. A router reads —

राउटर पढ़ता है —

a) addresses and forwards; it joins different networks and chooses a path (the Internet is a mesh of routers) — पते और आगे भेजता है; अलग नेटवर्क जोड़ता है और मार्ग चुनता है (इंटरनेट राउटरों का mesh है) b) only same-protocol Ethernet wings as a simple bridge and never routes — केवल सरल ब्रिज की तरह समान-प्रोटोकॉल Ethernet बाँहें, कभी रूट नहीं c) only a telephone wave as a modem and never forwards — केवल मॉडेम की तरह टेलीफोन तरंग, कभी आगे नहीं भेजता d) only HTML frameset rows — केवल HTML frameset पंक्तियाँ

A router joins different networks and chooses a path. The Internet is a mesh of routers. A campus router decides whether a packet for the result server goes out on the college WAN link. It reads addresses and forwards. A modem does not choose Internet routes; a router does.

Q. 70. All gateways route, but —

सब गेटवे रूट करते हैं, पर —

a) a gateway is only two identical Ethernet wings — गेटवे केवल दो समान Ethernet बाँहें हैं b) not every router is a full gateway: a gateway joins networks that do not share the same protocol or naming — a translator at the door — हर राउटर पूरा गेटवे नहीं: गेटवे वे नेटवर्क जोड़ता है जो प्रोटोकॉल या नामकरण साझा न करें — दरवाज़े पर अनुवादक c) a gateway is only DRAM to SRAM — गेटवे केवल DRAM से SRAM है d) a gateway is only a mouse cable — गेटवे केवल माउस केबल है

A gateway joins networks that do not share the same protocol or the same way of naming — a translator at the door. An e-mail gateway between two mail systems is the picture. All gateways route; not every router is a full gateway. Gateway is the most “different-to-different” of bridge / router / gateway.

Q. 71. Dial-up Internet used —

डायल-अप इंटरनेट चलाता था —

a) only a switch inside one lab as the whole Internet — केवल एक लैब के अंदर स्विच को पूरा इंटरनेट मानना b) only Mask ROM — केवल Mask ROM c) a modem on a phone line: digital bits into a wave a telephone line can carry, and back — फोन लाइन पर मॉडेम: डिजिटल bit उस तरंग में जो टेलीफोन लाइन ढोए, और वापस d) only a 4GL — केवल 4GL

A modem (modulator–demodulator) turns the computer’s digital bits into a wave a telephone line can carry, and back again. Dial-up Internet used a modem on a phone line. It is both input and output. A modem does not choose Internet routes; a router does. ISDN is a digital telephone-network service, faster and cleaner than an analogue modem call.

Q. 72. ISDN compared with an analogue modem call is —

एनालॉग मॉडेम कॉल की तुलना में ISDN —

a) slower and analogue only — धीमी और केवल एनालॉग b) a microcomputer type — microcomputer का प्रकार c) an HTML style sheet — HTML स्टाइल शीट d) faster and cleaner: a digital telephone-network service that can carry voice and data on the same subscriber line — तेज़ और साफ़: डिजिटल टेलीफोन-नेटवर्क सेवा जो उसी सब्सक्राइबर लाइन पर आवाज़ और डेटा ढोए

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is a digital telephone-network service that can carry voice and data on the same subscriber line, faster and cleaner than an analogue modem call. It is a WAN access method: the college or office rents ISDN from the telecom. A leased line is a dedicated always-on circuit between two points.

Q. 73. Teleconferencing as a minimum needs —

टेलीकॉन्फ्रेंसिंग को न्यूनतम चाहिए —

a) voice over a telecommunications link so that people in more than one place take part at the same time — दूरसंचार लिंक पर आवाज़ ताकि एक से अधिक स्थान के लोग एक साथ हिस्सा लें b) live pictures as a must with no audio (that is not the definition) — बिना ऑडियो जीवंत चित्र अनिवार्य (वह परिभाषा नहीं) c) a fifth type of LAN/MAN/WAN — LAN/MAN/WAN का पाँचवाँ प्रकार d) no network at all — कोई नेटवर्क ही नहीं

Teleconferencing is a meeting held over a telecommunications link so that people in more than one place take part at the same time; voice is the minimum. Videoconferencing is that meeting plus live pictures: each site needs a camera, a microphone, speakers or headphones, and enough bandwidth. Both are applications of networks, not a fifth type of LAN/MAN/WAN.

Q. 74. E-commerce is not —

ई-कॉमर्स नहीं है —

a) buying and selling of goods and services using computers and networks — कंप्यूटर और नेटवर्क से वस्तुओं-सेवाओं का खरीद-बेच b) any use of a computer: printing a notice in the lab is not commerce; the transaction is the point — कंप्यूटर का कोई भी उपयोग: लैब में सूचना छापना वाणिज्य नहीं; लेन-देन बिंदु है c) a book ordered from a site or a railway e-ticket — साइट से मँगाई किताब या रेल ई-टिकट d) a lab licence paid online — ऑनलाइन भरा लैब लाइसेंस

E-commerce is buying and selling of goods and services using computers and networks — typically the Internet. A book ordered from a site, a railway e-ticket, a lab licence paid online are e-commerce. Printing a notice in the lab is not commerce. The shop is open all hours; a student in Bikaner can buy from a seller in another city.

Q. 75. A named benefit of e-commerce is —

ई-कॉमर्स का नामित लाभ है —

a) you can always feel the cloth before you pay — भुगतान से पहले कपड़ा सदैव छू सकते हो b) delivery is never needed — डिलीवरी कभी नहीं चाहिए c) the shop is open all hours; choice is wider; some prices fall because the shop-front is a server, not a rent on the market — दुकान हर घंटे खुली; विकल्प अधिक; कुछ दाम गिरें क्योंकि दुकान सर्वर है, बाज़ार का किराया नहीं d) the payment link never needs trust — भुगतान-लिंक पर विश्वास कभी नहीं चाहिए

Benefits: the shop is open all hours; a student in Bikaner can buy from another city; choice is wider; some prices fall because the shop-front is a server. Growth came as PCs, Internet links and cards became common. Limits sit beside growth: you cannot feel the cloth; delivery takes time; the link and the payment must be trusted.

Q. 76. C2B is —

C2B है —

a) firm to firm (that is B2B) — फर्म से फर्म (वह B2B है) b) firm to a person buying one Rapidex (that is B2C) — फर्म से व्यक्ति, एक Rapidex खरीद (वह B2C है) c) student to student used book (that is C2C) — विद्यार्थी से विद्यार्थी पुरानी किताब (वह C2C है) d) consumer to business: a student offering a photograph or a small service to a firm — उपभोक्ता से व्यापार: विद्यार्थी फर्म को फोटो या छोटी सेवा दे

Categories by who sells to whom: B2B firm to firm (a publisher selling to a college store); B2C firm to consumer (the same site selling one Rapidex to Anil); C2C consumer to consumer (a used textbook); C2B consumer to business (a student offering a photograph or a small service to a firm). Some pages also name B2G next to e-governance.

Q. 77. G2B e-governance is —

G2B ई-गवर्नेंस है —

a) government to business: tenders and tax filing for firms — सरकार से व्यापार: फर्मों की निविदा और कर दाखिल करना b) government to citizen: a university result or an exam form (that is G2C) — सरकार से नागरिक: विश्वविद्यालय परिणाम या परीक्षा फॉर्म (वह G2C है) c) office to office inside government (that is G2G) — सरकार के भीतर दफ्तर से दफ्तर (वह G2G है) d) student to student used book (that is C2C) — विद्यार्थी से विद्यार्थी पुरानी किताब (वह C2C है)

E-governance is government using IT to serve citizens, business and other offices. G2C is government to citizen: checking a university result, filling an exam form online, a railway reservation against a government carrier. G2B is tenders and tax filing for firms. G2G is office to office. The aim is less queue, a recorded trail, the same rule for every roll number.

Q. 78. G2G is —

G2G है —

a) B2C shopping by one student — एक विद्यार्थी की B2C खरीदारी b) government office to government office, inside e-governance, not a shop sale — सरकार के दफ्तर से दफ्तर, ई-गवर्नेंस में, दुकान-बिक्री नहीं c) C2C used-book sale — C2C पुरानी किताब d) a vacuum-tube generation — vacuum-tube पीढ़ी

G2G is government office to government office, inside e-governance, not a shop sale. G2C serves the citizen (result, form, ticket). G2B serves firms (tenders, tax). E-commerce categories B2B/B2C/C2C/C2B are shops and persons, not G2G.

Q. 79. EFT on EDI networks —

EDI नेटवर्क पर EFT —

a) is a LAN topology — LAN टोपोलॉजी है b) is a pointing device — संकेतक यंत्र है c) moves money as a message when the EDI invoice matches: the buyer’s bank is told to pay the seller’s bank — EDI बिल मेल खाए तो पैसे का संदेश चलाता है: खरीदार का बैंक विक्रेता के बैंक को दे d) is HTML character formatting — HTML अक्षर-रूप है

Electronic funds transfer (EFT) on EDI networks is the movement of money as a message on those same structured networks: the buyer’s bank is told to pay the seller’s bank when the EDI invoice matches. No bag of notes in a bus. EDI itself is computer-to-computer exchange of standard business documents (purchase order, invoice, despatch note) without retyping paper at each end.

Q. 80. A debit card pays —

डेबिट कार्ड चुकाता है —

a) only as OMR bubbles — केवल OMR बुलबुलों के रूप में b) only as cash across a lab counter — केवल लैब काउंटर पर नकदी के रूप में c) only as ROM chips — केवल ROM चिप के रूप में d) now, from the account; a credit card pays later (the bank lends) — अभी, खाते से; क्रेडिट कार्ड बाद में चुकाता है (बैंक उधार देता है)

An electronic payment system is any accepted way to pay without handing cash across a counter. Credit card: pay later, the bank lends. Debit card: pay now from the account. Smart card: a chip that holds value or identity. Also named: electronic cheque, and e-cash / stored-value wallet. Paying an exam fee online is a payment; darkening OMR bubbles is not.

Q. 81. A smart card holds —

स्मार्ट कार्ड रखता है —

a) value or identity on a chip — चिप पर मूल्य या पहचान b) only a bus-topology token — केवल bus टोपोलॉजी का टोकन c) only first-generation vacuum tubes — केवल पहली पीढ़ी के vacuum tubes d) only an HTML title — केवल HTML title

A smart card is a chip that holds value or identity. It is one named electronic payment form beside credit card, debit card, electronic cheque and e-cash / stored-value wallet. It is not a topology and not a generation of hardware.

Q. 82. Ethics differs from cyber law because ethics is —

नीति साइबर विधि से अलग है क्योंकि नीति है —

a) the prison term by itself with no habit — बिना आदत केवल कारावास की अवधि b) the ought — the habit that should stop the act even when no invigilator is in the lab; the Act is the must, with a court — चाहिए — वह आदत जो निरीक्षक के बिना भी रोके; अधिनियम अवश्य है, न्यायालय के साथ c) a fifth generation of hardware — हार्डवेयर की पाँचवीं पीढ़ी d) a virus scanner — वायरस स्कैनर

Computer ethics is the set of principles that say what is right and wrong when you use a computer, a network or data. The machine is fast and has no feelings, so a person must bring the rule. Law can punish; ethics is the habit that should stop the act even when no invigilator is in the lab. Cyber law is the must, with a court.

Q. 83. “Do not snoop” in computer ethics means —

कंप्यूटर नीति में “ताक-झाँक मत करो” का अर्थ है —

a) you may open Anil’s mark file if the lab PC is fast — लैब PC तेज़ हो तो Anil की अंक फ़ाइल खोल सकते हो b) snoop is allowed on ROM chips only — केवल ROM चिप पर ताक-झाँक चलती है c) do not open files, mail or mark-lists that are not yours — जो फ़ाइल, मेल या अंक-सूची तुम्हारी नहीं, उसे मत खोलो d) snoop is a 4GL — ताक-झाँक एक 4GL है

The books gather a short ethics list: do not use a computer to harm; do not snoop in files, mail or mark-lists that are not yours; do not steal time, bandwidth, software or data; do not bear false witness with a computer; respect property including programs and writing; think about the social effect of what you publish. Privacy asks who may see roll 2145’s marks.

Q. 84. PAPA “accuracy” means —

PAPA में “accuracy” का अर्थ है —

a) who may see roll 2145’s marks (that is privacy) — रोल 2145 के अंक कौन देखे (वह निजता है) b) who owns the notes file or a program (that is property) — नोट्स फ़ाइल या प्रोग्राम किसका (वह संपत्ति है) c) who is allowed to log in (that is access) — लॉग इन किसे मिले (वह पहुँच है) d) a wrong print-out or a wrong entry on a result server is not “the computer’s opinion” — गलत प्रिंट-आउट या परिणाम-सर्वर की गलत प्रविष्टि “कंप्यूटर की राय” नहीं

PAPA names four doors: Privacy (who may see roll 2145’s marks), Accuracy (a wrong print-out is not “the computer’s opinion”), Property (who owns the notes file or a program), and Access (who is allowed to log in).

Q. 85. PAPA “access” means —

PAPA में “access” का अर्थ है —

a) who is allowed to log in — you may not use another student’s Windows login — लॉग इन किसे मिले — दूसरे विद्यार्थी का Windows लॉगिन नहीं चलता b) who may see marks (that is privacy) — अंक कौन देखे (वह निजता है) c) whether a wrong print-out is a fact (that is accuracy) — गलत प्रिंट-आउट तथ्य है या नहीं (वह सटीकता है) d) whether you may zip Rapidex for the whole class (that is property) — Rapidex की zip पूरी कक्षा को या नहीं (वह संपत्ति है)

Access asks who is allowed to log in. Using another student’s Windows login is an access wrong as well as an ethics wrong. Privacy is who may see marks. Accuracy is whether a wrong print-out is still a fact. Property is who owns a notes file or a program.

Q. 86. Cyber law covers —

साइबर विधि ढकती है —

a) only Windows Control Panel — केवल Windows Control Panel b) acts done with computers, computer systems, computer networks and data in electronic form — कंप्यूटर, कंप्यूटर तंत्र, नेटवर्क और इलेक्ट्रॉनिक रूप के डेटा से किए काम c) only a virus scanner — केवल वायरस स्कैनर d) only star topology — केवल star टोपोलॉजी

Cyber law is the law that covers acts done with computers, computer systems, computer networks and data in electronic form. Ordinary law still applies (theft, defamation), but electronic records needed a statute. In India that statute is the Information Technology Act, 2000, in force from 17 October 2000. Ethics is the ought; the Act is the must.

Q. 87. Digital signatures under the Act —

अधिनियम के अधीन डिजिटल हस्ताक्षर —

a) replace TCP/IP with HTML — TCP/IP की जगह HTML देते हैं b) repeal electronic records entirely — इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अभिलेख पूरी तरह रद्द करते हैं c) can stand the way a signed paper can, if the conditions of the Act are met (later also electronic signatures); electronic records are recognised too — शर्तें पूरी हों तो हस्ताक्षरित कागज़ की तरह खड़े हो सकते हैं (बाद में इलेक्ट्रॉनिक हस्ताक्षर भी); इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अभिलेख भी मान्य हैं d) are only wet ink on paper — केवल कागज़ पर गीली स्याही हैं

The Act gives legal recognition to electronic records and to digital signatures (later also electronic signatures). A filled exam form or a notice on an official site can stand the way a signed paper can, if the conditions of the Act are met. It names a Controller of Certifying Authorities (CCA) for digital-signature certificates.

Q. 88. The Controller of Certifying Authorities (CCA) is named for —

Controller of Certifying Authorities (CCA) नामित है —

a) only vacuum-tube repair — केवल vacuum-tube मरम्मत b) only HTML frameset pages — केवल HTML frameset पृष्ठ c) only Recycle Bin emptying — केवल Recycle Bin खाली करना d) digital-signature certificates — डिजिटल-हस्ताक्षर प्रमाणपत्र

The IT Act names a Controller of Certifying Authorities (CCA) for digital-signature certificates. Digital signatures (later also electronic signatures) and electronic records receive legal recognition when the conditions of the Act are met. The Act came into force on 17 October 2000; a 2008 amendment added and tightened several offences.

Q. 89. Softlifting is —

Softlifting है —

a) using a single-user copy of a program on many machines without the licence that allows it — a named form of software piracy — एक-उपयोगकर्ता प्रति बिना अनुमति कई मशीनों पर चलाना — सॉफ्टवेयर पाइरेसी का नामित रूप b) buying Rapidex from a shop — दुकान से Rapidex खरीदना c) writing your own HTML page — अपना HTML पृष्ठ लिखना d) shutting down Windows through Start — Start से Windows बंद करना

Software piracy is the unauthorised copying, use, distribution or sale of a program. Softlifting is using a single-user copy on many machines; counterfeiting is fake boxes; internet piracy is upload or download of paid software. A pirated copy can also carry a virus. Ethics said do not steal programs; the Act and copyright law give that theft a court.

Q. 90. A patent as intellectual property can protect —

बौद्धिक संपदा के रूप में पेटेंट बचा सकता है —

a) only a name or sign that identifies a product (that is a trademark) — केवल वह नाम या चिह्न जो उत्पाद पहचाने (वह ट्रेडमार्क है) b) a new invention (including some technical methods) — नया आविष्कार (कुछ तकनीकी विधियाँ समेत) c) only original writing and software from unauthorised copy (that is copyright) — केवल मूल लेखन और सॉफ्टवेयर को बिना अधिकार नकल से (वह कॉपीराइट है) d) only a college building — केवल कॉलेज भवन

Intellectual property is the legal name for creations of the mind. Copyright protects original writing and software from unauthorised copy. A patent can protect a new invention. A trademark protects a name or sign that identifies a product. Copying a classmate’s HTML page and putting your roll on it is a copyright wrong as well as an ethics wrong.

Q. 91. A trademark protects —

ट्रेडमार्क बचाता है —

a) only a new invention as a patent does — केवल नया आविष्कार जैसा पेटेंट करता है b) only original source code as copyright does, and never a name — केवल मूल सोर्स कोड जैसा कॉपीराइट, नाम कभी नहीं c) a name or sign that identifies a product (a software brand) — वह नाम या चिह्न जो उत्पाद पहचाने (सॉफ्टवेयर ब्रांड) d) only RAM chips — केवल RAM चिप

A trademark protects a name or sign that identifies a product. A patent can protect a new invention. Copyright protects original writing and software from unauthorised copy. IP is why a simple HTML program you write is yours, and why you may not zip the whole of Sinha for the class.

Q. 92. Pretexting is —

Pretexting है —

a) ultraviolet erase of EPROM — EPROM का UV मिटान b) a token travelling a ring — रिंग पर घूमता टोकन c) octal grouping of bits — bit का octal समूह d) a phone or message in a false role (“lab technician, send your login”) — a form of social engineering — झूठी भूमिका में फोन या संदेश (“लैब तकनीशियन, लॉगिन भेजो”) — सोशल इंजीनियरिंग का रूप

Social engineering tricks a person into giving access, a password, a roll number, a card detail or a click — it does not break the CPU. Pretexting is a phone or message in a false role. Phishing is a fake e-mail or page that looks like a bank, a result portal or a scholarship site. Baiting is a “lost” pen drive in the lab. Do not give passwords or OTPs to a page or a person you did not seek; check the URL; ask the college office, not the mail.

Q. 93. Baiting in a lab is —

लैब में baiting है —

a) a “lost” pen drive that installs harm when opened — social engineering, not a chip attack — “खोई” पेन ड्राइव जो खुलते हानि लगाए — सोशल इंजीनियरिंग, चिप-हमला नहीं b) electrical erase of EEPROM — EEPROM का विद्युत मिटान c) a compiler translating COBOL — COBOL का compiler अनुवाद d) a leased line billed per minute — मिनट-भाड़े वाली लीज्ड लाइन

Baiting is a “lost” pen drive in the lab that installs harm when opened. It is social engineering: it tricks the person, not the chip. Phishing is a fake page or mail. Pretexting is a false role on a phone. Defence: do not open an unknown pen drive; do not give passwords to a page you did not seek; ask the college office.

Q. 94. John McCarthy’s classroom wording (1956) for AI is —

AI के लिए John McCarthy का कक्षा-वचन (1956) है —

a) any fast computer adding 36 and 64 — कोई भी तेज़ कंप्यूटर जो 36 और 64 जोड़े b) programs that behave as if they have intelligence — प्रोग्राम जो ऐसे चलें जैसे बुद्धि हो c) only firmware in ROM — केवल ROM में firmware d) only e-mail — केवल ई-मेल

Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science that tries to make machines do tasks we call intelligent in a person: reason, learn, language, see, plan. John McCarthy’s wording (1956) is programs that behave as if they have intelligence. It is not “any fast computer.” A lab PC adding 36 and 64 is arithmetic, not AI. The name AI is tied to the Dartmouth meeting, 1956, and McCarthy. Alan Turing (1950) asked whether a machine could imitate a person’s answers well enough to pass a test.

Q. 95. Japan’s fifth-generation project sits in AI history with —

जापान की पाँचवीं-पीढ़ी परियोजना AI इतिहास में बैठती है —

a) ENIAC as a phone in a bag — बैग में फोन के रूप में ENIAC b) MS-DOS as a first-generation language — पहली पीढ़ी की भाषा के रूप में MS-DOS c) the 1980s, beside expert systems (rules from a human expert, used in medical or technical advice) — 1980 के दशक में, expert systems के साथ (मानव विशेषज्ञ के नियम, चिकित्सा या तकनीकी सलाह) d) HTML frameset pages as the whole of AI — पूरी AI के रूप में HTML frameset पृष्ठ

The 1980s brought expert systems and Japan’s fifth-generation project. An expert system uses rules taken from a human expert, used in medical or technical advice. Turing (1950) and Dartmouth / McCarthy (1956) sit just before.

Q. 96. Robotics as an AI application is —

AI अनुप्रयोग के रूप में रोबोटिक्स है —

a) any fast adder — कोई भी तेज़ योजक b) a debit card — डेबिट कार्ड c) an analogue modem call — एनालॉग मॉडेम कॉल d) a machine that senses and acts — मशीन जो सेंसर से जाने और कर्म करे

AI applications include expert systems; robotics (a machine that senses and acts); natural language (machine translation, simple question-answering); computer vision; medical diagnosis support; games; teaching drills that adapt to a wrong answer; a bank that flags a strange payment; a map that reroutes; a spam filter on e-mail.

Q. 97. Natural-language processing as AI includes —

AI के रूप में प्राकृतिक भाषा में है —

a) machine translation and simple question-answering — मशीन अनुवाद और सरल प्रश्नोत्तर b) only opening an MGSU notice in a browser — केवल ब्राउज़र में MGSU सूचना खोलना c) only adding 36 and 64 on a lab PC — केवल लैब PC पर 36 और 64 जोड़ना d) only darkening OMR bubbles — केवल OMR बुलबुले भरना

Natural language as an AI application includes machine translation and simple question-answering. Opening an MGSU notice in a browser is not itself AI. Asking a voice tool to read that notice aloud is the daily face of the field. The machine still has no feelings and no unprogrammed rule.

Q. 98. A named advantage of AI is —

AI का नामित लाभ है —

a) untaught common sense with no encoding — बिना कूटित सिखाई सामान्य बुद्धि b) speed on huge search, and the same advice at 2 a.m. as at noon (diligence); it can open a tool to people who cannot travel to a specialist — विशाल खोज पर गति, और रात दो बजे भी वही सलाह (diligence); जो विशेषज्ञ तक न जा सके उसे औज़ार c) GIGO no longer applies — GIGO अब लागू नहीं d) a program carries ethics by itself — प्रोग्राम स्वयं नीति लाता है

Named advantages: speed on huge search spaces; the same advice at 2 a.m. as at noon (diligence); watching more cameras or lab logs than one clerk; opening a tool to people who cannot travel to a specialist. Named disadvantages: no untaught common sense; GIGO still applies; errors can look confident; cost; jobs change; privacy can shrink. A program does not carry ethics by itself.

Q. 99. Checking an MGSU notice in a browser, by itself, is —

ब्राउज़र में MGSU सूचना देखना, स्वयं, है —

a) always an expert system — सदैव expert system b) a first-generation vacuum tube — पहली पीढ़ी का vacuum tube c) not AI; asking a voice tool to read that notice aloud is the daily face of the field — AI नहीं; वाक् औज़ार से वह सूचना पढ़वाना क्षेत्र का रोज़ का चेहरा है d) a bus topology cable — bus टोपोलॉजी की केबल

Day-to-day AI includes predictive text and auto-correct, voice assistants, maps that pick a road, spam filters, a shopping site that suggests another book, face unlock, captions on a video. Checking an MGSU notice in a browser is not itself AI. Asking a voice tool to read that notice aloud is the daily face of the field. The fifth generation’s natural-language aim is this: talk to the machine with less rigid programming.

Q. 100. On child abuse as named with the IT Act, the named duty is —

IT Act के साथ नामित बाल शोषण पर नामित कर्तव्य है —

a) create, keep or share such files only on a lab PC — ऐसी फ़ाइलें केवल लैब PC पर बनाओ, रखो या बाँटो b) describe the content in an assignment — असाइनमेंट में सामग्री का वर्णन करो c) treat it as a Windows desktop icon — इसे Windows डेस्कटॉप आइकन मानो d) do not create, keep, share or seek such files; report through the college or the police if they appear on a lab PC — ऐसी फ़ाइलें न बनाओ, न रखो, न बाँटो, न ढूँढ़ो; लैब PC पर दिखें तो कॉलेज या पुलिस से रिपोर्ट करो

The IT Act (sharpened by the 2008 amendment) names using a computer or network to harm a child in this way as an offence. The duty is: do not create, keep, share or seek such files; report through the college or the police if they appear on a lab PC.

Q. 1. When Anil Sharma in the Bikaner lab types a mark file, saves it on disk, and sends it over the campus link, that whole chain is —

जब Anil Sharma बीकानेर लैब में अंक-फ़ाइल टाइप कर डिस्क पर सहेजता है और परिसर-लिंक से भेजता है, वह पूरी शृंखला है —

a) Information Technology: computers, storage, software and telecommunication creating, processing, storing, securing and exchanging electronic data — सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी: कंप्यूटर, भंडारण, सॉफ्टवेयर और दूरसंचार से इलेक्ट्रॉनिक डेटा बनाना, संसाधित करना, रखना, सुरक्षित करना और आदान-प्रदान करना b) only the metal of the lab mouse, with no disk or link — केवल लैब-माउस की धातु, बिना डिस्क या लिंक c) only firmware in ROM, with no application file — केवल ROM का firmware, बिना एप्लिकेशन फ़ाइल d) only a 4GL such as SQL, with no hardware — केवल SQL जैसी 4GL, बिना हार्डवेयर

Information Technology is the use of computers, storage, software and telecommunication to create, process, store, secure and exchange electronic data. The lab PC is the central tool of IT, not the whole of IT. Hardware you can touch is only one part; the Word file and the campus link belong in the same definition. A mouse by itself, with no storage or telecommunication, is not IT.

Q. 2. The isolated digits 2145 on Anil Sharma’s OMR sheet, with no name and no result attached, are best called —

बिना नाम और बिना परिणाम के Anil Sharma की OMR शीट पर अकेले अंक 2145 सबसे ठीक कहलाते हैं —

a) already information, because any number on paper is a result — पहले से information, क्योंकि कागज़ की कोई भी संख्या परिणाम है b) raw data; “Anil Sharma, roll 2145, scored 50 out of 100” is information — कच्चा data; “Anil Sharma, रोल 2145, 100 में 50 अंक” information है c) firmware sitting in BIOS — BIOS में बैठा firmware d) a WAN topology name — WAN टोपोलॉजी का नाम

Data are raw, unorganised facts: 2145, 50, Bikaner. Information is data processed so that it is meaningful, timely and useful: “Anil Sharma, roll 2145, scored 50 out of 100.” A roll number alone does not tell a teacher who passed. Processing, not the ink, turns data into information.

Q. 3. If Anil darkens the wrong roll bubbles, the OMR reader still totals that wrong roll at full speed. That classroom limit is —

यदि Anil गलत रोल के बुलबुले गहरा करे, OMR रीडर उसी गलत रोल को पूरी गति से जोड़ता है। वह कक्षा-सीमा है —

a) accuracy silently correcting the bubbles — accuracy चुपचाप बुलबुले सुधारना b) diligence meaning the CPU refuses bad marks — diligence का अर्थ CPU खराब अंक ठुकराए c) GIGO — garbage in, garbage out: the machine has no feelings and invents no new passing rule — GIGO — garbage in, garbage out: मशीन के भाव नहीं, नया उत्तीर्ण नियम नहीं बनाती d) firmware rewriting the roll in ROM — firmware का ROM में रोल लिखना

GIGO means garbage in, garbage out. A computer has no intelligence of its own: a wrong roll is processed at full speed. It cannot decide a new rule that was never programmed, and it has no feelings to catch the lie. Accuracy means the same sum is the same every time if the data are right — not that wrong bubbles are repaired.

Q. 4. The small start-up program in ROM that tests the Bikaner lab PC and then loads Windows from disk is —

ROM का वह छोटा चालू-प्रोग्राम जो बीकानेर लैब PC जाँचता है और फिर डिस्क से Windows लादता है, है —

a) application software such as a browser only — केवल ब्राउज़र जैसा एप्लिकेशन सॉफ्टवेयर b) the running mark file in DRAM only — केवल DRAM में चलती अंक-फ़ाइल c) a leased-line protocol only — केवल लीज्ड-लाइन प्रोटोकॉल d) firmware (BIOS) — not a Word assignment in RAM and not the OS itself — firmware (BIOS) — RAM का Word असाइनमेंट नहीं, OS स्वयं नहीं

Firmware is a small program sitting in ROM, used when the machine starts. On a PC this start-up code is BIOS: it tests hardware and loads the operating system from disk. Hardware is the body you can touch; ordinary software includes the OS and applications after that load. A Word file in RAM is not firmware.

Q. 5. Sinha’s speed, shown on a pile of OMR sheets in the Bikaner lab, means —

Sinha की गति, बीकानेर लैब में OMR शीटों के ढेर पर, का अर्थ है —

a) the machine totals hundreds of sheets in the time a clerk totals one; it still needs correct bubbles (GIGO) — क्लर्क एक शीट जोड़ते जितने में मशीन सैकड़ों जोड़ दे; सही बुलबुले अभी चाहिए (GIGO) b) the CPU invents extra marks when it is in a hurry — जल्दी में CPU अतिरिक्त अंक गढ़े c) RAM never needs power — RAM को बिजली कभी नहीं चाहिए d) speed is another word for a 4GL — गति 4GL का पर्याय है

Speed is a named characteristic that helped computers spread: the same steps that take a clerk minutes can run in a fraction of a second. Diligence sits beside it: the machine does not tire after the hundredth sheet. Limits sit beside both: no feelings, and no new rule that was never programmed. Wrong bubbles still run at full speed.

Q. 6. Storage as a named characteristic, for Anil’s assignment, means —

नामित विशेषता के रूप में भंडारण, Anil के असाइनमेंट के लिए, का अर्थ है —

a) RAM is non-volatile firmware — RAM अवाष्पशील firmware है b) the file can sit on disk overnight; unsaved work in RAM vanishes when power goes — फ़ाइल डिस्क पर रात भर रह सकती है; RAM का बिना सहेजा काम बिजली जाने पर मिटे c) storage is the same word as a gateway — भंडारण गेटवे का पर्याय है d) only vacuum tubes can keep a file — केवल vacuum tubes फ़ाइल रख सकती हैं

Storage means data and programs can be kept and fetched again. Secondary memory (disk, optical disc, tape) is non-volatile, so Anil’s saved file is there in the morning. RAM is volatile working store: when power goes, the contents go. Shut down through Start so that files in RAM are written back to disk.

Q. 7. Anil’s new phone bought this year is still, as a switching device, —

Anil का इस साल खरीदा नया फोन, स्विचिंग यंत्र के रूप में, अभी है —

a) fifth generation only because the box is new — केवल इसलिए पाँचवीं पीढ़ी क्योंकि डिब्बा नया है b) first-generation vacuum-tube ENIAC — पहली पीढ़ी का vacuum-tube ENIAC c) fourth-generation microprocessor hardware — चौथी पीढ़ी का microprocessor हार्डवेयर d) a minicomputer because the word mini means small — minicomputer क्योंकि mini का अर्थ छोटा है

A new phone is still fourth-generation hardware in the switching sense: a microprocessor on a chip. The fifth generation is named by ULSI chips, parallel processing, huge memory, and an aim toward artificial intelligence and a more natural-language interface.

Q. 8. Anil’s phone is not a minicomputer because —

Anil का फोन minicomputer इसलिए नहीं है क्योंकि —

a) every small box is a mini by dictionary size — शब्दकोश के आकार से हर छोटा डिब्बा mini है b) a phone is a mainframe if it can call — कॉल कर सके तो फोन mainframe है c) PARAM from C-DAC is the same class as a phone — C-DAC का PARAM फोन के ही वर्ग का है d) the phone is a microcomputer (one microprocessor, classically one person); mini means midrange, multi-user, department-level — not a synonym for small — फोन microcomputer है (एक माइक्रोप्रोसेसर, क्लासिक एक व्यक्ति); mini का अर्थ मध्यम, बहु-उपयोगकर्ता, विभाग-स्तर है — छोटे का पर्याय नहीं

A microcomputer is built around a single microprocessor and is meant, classically, for one person at a time. The lab desktop, a laptop, a tablet and a smartphone are all microcomputers. A minicomputer is the next rung: historically DEC’s PDP and VAX, later a departmental server — tens or a few hundreds of users. The word mini is relative to a mainframe, not to a phone in a bag.

Q. 9. A bank or railway reservation cabinet that runs many counters all day is typically classed as a —

बैंक या रेल आरक्षण का वह कैबिनेट जो दिन भर कई काउंटर चलाए, प्रायः वर्ग है —

a) mainframe: large, many terminals, huge I/O, shared by a whole organisation — mainframe: बड़ा, कई टर्मिनल, विशाल I/O, पूरी संस्था साझा करे b) microcomputer like Anil’s phone, because it prints tickets — Anil के फोन जैसा microcomputer, क्योंकि टिकट छापता है c) minicomputer only because the room is small — केवल इसलिए minicomputer क्योंकि कमरा छोटा है d) supercomputer only because tickets look scientific — केवल इसलिए supercomputer क्योंकि टिकट वैज्ञानिक लगें

A mainframe is a large digital machine that serves many terminals at once, with huge storage and I/O, shared by a whole organisation. Bank accounts and railway reservation are the classroom pictures. It is not a phone and not PARAM. A microcomputer sits on a lab table; a minicomputer sits at department scale, below the mainframe.

Q. 10. India’s PARAM series, built at C-DAC, is the classroom example of a —

C-DAC में बनी भारत की PARAM शृंखला कक्षा-उदाहरण है —

a) microcomputer because PARAM looks like the word personal — microcomputer क्योंकि PARAM शब्द personal जैसा लगे b) supercomputer: scientific, parallel, national-scale jobs — not a Bikaner lab desktop and not a railway booking cabinet — supercomputer: वैज्ञानिक, समांतर, राष्ट्रीय पैमाने के काम — बीकानेर लैब डेस्कटॉप नहीं, रेल बुकिंग कैबिनेट नहीं c) mainframe used only to print mark-sheets — केवल अंक-पत्र छापने वाला mainframe d) minicomputer the same size as Anil’s phone — Anil के फोन जितना minicomputer

A supercomputer is built for huge scientific or engineering jobs, often with parallel processors. India’s PARAM series from C-DAC is the named example. Weather, nuclear and similar national jobs sit here. It is not the lab PC Anil uses, and it is not the railway mainframe that sells tickets. Size-types are micro, mini, mainframe, super — not analog versus digital as a four-name list.

Q. 11. While Anil’s mark total is added, the ALU inside the CPU is the unit that —

जब Anil के अंक जोड़े जाते हैं, CPU के अंदर ALU वह इकाई है जो —

a) only stores overnight files on disk — केवल डिस्क पर रात भर फ़ाइलें रखे b) only chooses a WAN route as a router does — केवल राउटर की तरह WAN मार्ग चुने c) does arithmetic and logic (add, compare, AND/OR) on the data; the control unit sequences fetch–decode–execute, it does not add the marks — डेटा पर अंकगणित और तर्क करे (जोड़, तुलना, AND/OR); नियंत्रण इकाई fetch–decode–execute का क्रम चलाए, अंक नहीं जोड़े d) only paints HTML frames — केवल HTML फ्रेम रंगे

The ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) performs arithmetic and logic on data. The control unit fetches an instruction, decodes it and tells the ALU and memory what to do. Together they are the CPU. The five functional units of the stored-program model are input, output, memory, ALU and control unit. A printer is output; it is not the ALU.

Q. 12. When the letter A of Anil’s name moves from RAM to the CPU, the actual character bytes ride on the —

जब Anil के नाम का अक्षर A, RAM से CPU को जाए, वास्तविक अक्षर-बाइट्स जिस पर सवार हों वह है —

a) address bus only (that names which cell) — केवल address bus (वह कोशिका नाम करे) b) control bus only (that carries commands) — केवल control bus (वह आदेश ढोए) c) star-topology token only — केवल star टोपोलॉजी का टोकन d) data bus; the address bus names the location; the control bus carries read / write / interrupt / clock — data bus; address bus स्थान नाम करे; control bus पढ़ो / लिखो / interrupt / घड़ी ढोए

A bus is a shared set of wires among CPU, memory and I/O. The data bus carries the actual bytes of an instruction, a number or a character. The address bus carries the location: which memory cell or which device. The control bus carries commands and status: read, write, interrupt, clock. Do not mix the three names.

Q. 13. DRAM on the Bikaner lab motherboard must refresh thousands of times a second because —

बीकानेर लैब मदरबोर्ड की DRAM को सेकंड में हज़ारों बार refresh इसलिए चाहिए क्योंकि —

a) each bit is charge on a tiny capacitor that leaks; DRAM is cheap main memory, unlike SRAM flip-flops used in cache — प्रत्येक bit छोटे capacitor पर चार्ज है जो लीक हो; DRAM सस्ती मुख्य स्मृति है, cache की SRAM flip-flop नहीं b) DRAM is Mask ROM written at the factory — DRAM कारखाने में लिखी Mask ROM है c) DRAM is magnetic tape sequential backup — DRAM चुंबकीय टेप की क्रमिक बैकअप है d) DRAM is a WAN access method like ISDN — DRAM, ISDN जैसी WAN पहुँच है

RAM is volatile working store. DRAM (dynamic) stores each bit as charge on a tiny capacitor; the charge leaks, so the chip must refresh thousands of times a second. DRAM is cheap and is used as main memory. SRAM (static) uses flip-flops, needs no DRAM-style refresh, is faster and dearer, and is used in cache. When power goes, both forget.

Q. 14. Cache is placed between the CPU and main RAM on the lab PC so that —

लैब PC पर cache, CPU और मुख्य RAM के बीच इसलिए रखा जाता है ताकि —

a) magnetic tape can replace the ALU — चुंबकीय टेप ALU की जगह ले सके b) copies of the bytes in use sit in small fast SRAM (L1 on chip, then L2, L3); it is not a disk and not a substitute for all RAM — उपयोग की बाइट्स की प्रतियाँ छोटी तेज़ SRAM में रहें (L1 चिप पर, फिर L2, L3); यह डिस्क नहीं, सारी RAM की जगह नहीं c) a modem can refresh DRAM — मॉडेम DRAM refresh कर सके d) HTML frames can live inside the accumulator — HTML फ्रेम accumulator में रह सकें

Cache is a small, very fast SRAM store between the CPU and main RAM. It keeps copies of the bytes the CPU is using now. Levels: L1 smallest and fastest, on the chip; L2 larger; L3 larger still. Speed order: registers, then cache, then RAM, then secondary. Cache is not a substitute for RAM and not a disk.

Q. 15. If the Bikaner lab loses power while Anil’s essay sits only in working store, the essay vanishes because —

यदि निबंध केवल कार्य-भंडार में हो और बीकानेर लैब की बिजली जाए, निबंध इसलिए मिटे क्योंकि —

a) Mask ROM forgets whenever power is on — Mask ROM बिजली रहते भूलती है b) cache is magnetic tape — cache चुंबकीय टेप है c) RAM is read-and-write and volatile; ROM keeps BIOS, and disk keeps the file only after Save — RAM पढ़ने-लिखने योग्य और वाष्पशील है; ROM BIOS रखे, डिस्क फ़ाइल तभी जब Save हो d) RAM is a 3GL compiler — RAM एक 3GL compiler है

RAM is read-and-write, volatile working store: when power goes, the contents go, so an unsaved assignment vanishes. ROM is non-volatile: Mask ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM and flash keep firmware such as BIOS. Secondary memory keeps the saved file overnight. A USB pen drive is secondary storage, not RAM.

Q. 16. A CD used to install Rapidex in the lab is secondary storage that is —

लैब में Rapidex लगाने वाली CD द्वितीयक भंडारण है जो —

a) volatile main memory that must refresh like DRAM — DRAM जैसी वाष्पशील मुख्य स्मृति जिसे refresh चाहिए b) a register inside the ALU — ALU के अंदर रजिस्टर c) a star-topology hub — star टोपोलॉजी का हब d) optical: a laser reads pits and lands; CD-ROM is read-only, CD-R is write-once, CD-RW can be rewritten — not DRAM refresh and not sequential tape as the same medium — ऑप्टिकल: लेज़र गड्ढे और समतल पढ़े; CD-ROM केवल-पढ़ने, CD-R एक बार लिखी, CD-RW फिर लिखी जा सकती है — DRAM refresh नहीं, उसी माध्यम की क्रमिक टेप नहीं

Optical disks store bits as pits that a laser reads. CD-ROM comes pressed and is read-only; CD-R is written once; CD-RW can be erased and written again; DVD holds more. Access is direct, unlike magnetic tape, which is sequential and cheap for bulk backup. Secondary memory is non-volatile and slower per bit than RAM: HDD, SSD, optical disk, tape.

Q. 17. A dot-matrix printer in a college office is an impact printer because it —

कॉलेज दफ्तर का डॉट-मैट्रिक्स प्रिंटर impact इसलिए है क्योंकि वह —

a) strikes a ribbon so carbon copies of a mark-list can be made; a laser or inkjet is non-impact and does not strike — रिबन पर प्रहार करे ताकि अंक-सूची की कार्बन प्रति बन सके; लेज़र या इंकजेट non-impact है, प्रहार नहीं करता b) draws huge maps with pens as a plotter does — प्लॉटर की तरह कलमों से विशाल रेखा-चित्र खींचे c) reads A/B/C/D bubbles as OMR does — OMR की तरह A/B/C/D बुलबुले पढ़े d) stores BIOS in Mask ROM — Mask ROM में BIOS रखे

An impact printer strikes a ribbon against paper: dot-matrix and daisy-wheel are classroom names; carbon copies are possible. Non-impact printers include inkjet and laser; they do not strike, so they are quieter and have no carbon-copy hammer. A printer is output (hard copy). A monitor is output (soft copy).

Q. 18. A plotter, as against the lab laser that prints Anil’s two-page letter, is the output device that —

लैब लेज़र जो Anil का दो-पृष्ठ पत्र छापे, उसकी तुलना में प्लॉटर वह निर्गम यंत्र है जो —

a) reads magnetic-ink cheque digits (that is MICR) — चेक के चुंबकीय-स्याही अंक पढ़े (वह MICR है) b) draws large maps, plans or CAD lines with pens or similar tools — not a page-at-a-time letter printer — कलमों या जैसे औज़ारों से विशाल रेखा-चित्र, रेखा-चित्र योजना या CAD रेखाएँ खींचे — पत्र का पृष्ठ-दर-पृष्ठ प्रिंटर नहीं c) is volatile DRAM — वाष्पशील DRAM है d) is a 4GL such as SQL — SQL जैसी 4GL है

A plotter is an output device for large line drawings: maps, building plans, CAD. It is not the ordinary laser that prints Anil’s assignment. Impact and non-impact printers put characters or page images on paper; the plotter’s job is the big drawing. Hard copy is still paper; the difference is the kind of drawing.

Q. 19. QWERTY, as a keyboard fact in the Bikaner lab, names —

बीकानेर लैब में कीबोर्ड तथ्य के रूप में QWERTY नाम करता है —

a) a pointing device that moves the pointer as its main job — संकेतक यंत्र जिसका मुख्य काम सूचक चलाना है b) a WAN topology — WAN टोपोलॉजी c) the standard keyboard layout, named from the first six letter keys Q W E R T Y — मानक कीबोर्ड लेआउट, पहले छह अक्षर-कुंजी Q W E R T Y से नामित d) an HTML document type — HTML दस्तावेज़-प्रकार

QWERTY is the standard keyboard layout, named from the first six letter keys. A keyboard types character codes; it is input but not pointing. Pointing devices control a pointer on the screen: mouse, trackball, touchpad, joystick, light pen, digitizing tablet, touch screen. The monitor shows the pointer; it does not point.

Q. 20. OMR as an input device —

निवेश यंत्र के रूप में OMR —

a) prints carbon copies like a dot-matrix hammer — डॉट-मैट्रिक्स हथौड़े जैसी कार्बन प्रति छापे b) is the ALU adding marks without a sheet — बिना शीट ALU का अंक जोड़ना है c) is a search-engine index — सर्च-इंजन अनुक्रमणिका है d) reads darkened A/B/C/D marks into the computer; OCR turns printed letters into text; MICR reads magnetic-ink cheque digits — none of the three is a printer — गहरे A/B/C/D निशान कंप्यूटर में पढ़े; OCR छपे अक्षरों को पाठ बनाए; MICR चेक के चुंबकीय-स्याही अंक पढ़े — तीनों में कोई प्रिंटर नहीं

OMR (Optical Mark Recognition) reads marks on a printed sheet — you darken A, B, C or D. OCR (Optical Character Recognition) turns printed letters into editable text. MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) reads the special magnetic-ink digits at the bottom of a bank cheque. All three are input, not printers.

Q. 21. Binary, when Anil converts a small count on paper, may use only the digits —

जब Anil कागज़ पर छोटी गिनती बदले, binary केवल ये अंक चला सकता है —

a) 0 and 1 (base 2); digit 2 cannot appear in a pure binary writing — 0 और 1 (आधार 2); शुद्ध binary लेखन में अंक 2 नहीं आ सकता b) 0 through 7 only (that is octal, base 8) — केवल 0 से 7 (वह octal है, आधार 8) c) 0 through 9 only (that is decimal, base 10) — केवल 0 से 9 (वह decimal है, आधार 10) d) 0–9 and A–F (that is hexadecimal, base 16) — 0–9 और A–F (वह hexadecimal है, आधार 16)

Binary has base 2 and digits 0 and 1. Octal has base 8 (0–7). Decimal has base 10 (0–9). Hexadecimal has base 16 (0–9 and A–F, where A=10 … F=15). Because 8 = 2³, three bits make one octal digit; because 16 = 2⁴, four bits make one hex digit.

Q. 22. In hexadecimal, the extra digits after 9 stand for —

Hexadecimal में 9 के बाद अतिरिक्त अंक जिनके हैं वे हैं —

a) only 0 and 1, because hex is another name for binary — केवल 0 और 1, क्योंकि hex, binary का दूसरा नाम है b) A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, F=15, because the base is 16 — A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, F=15, क्योंकि आधार 16 है c) only 0 through 7, because hex is another name for octal — केवल 0 से 7, क्योंकि hex, octal का दूसरा नाम है d) place value 10 only, because hex is decimal — केवल स्थान-मान 10, क्योंकि hex, decimal है

Hexadecimal has base 16. Digits are 0–9 and A–F. A means ten, F means fifteen. Decimal 8 is written 8₁₆; decimal 16 is 10₁₆; decimal 32 is 20₁₆; decimal 50 is 32₁₆. Four binary bits make one hex digit.

Q. 23. 8₁₀ in binary is —

8₁₀ binary में है —

a) 10000₂ (that is 16₁₀) — 10000₂ (वह 16₁₀ है) b) 100000₂ (that is 32₁₀) — 100000₂ (वह 32₁₀ है) c) 1000₂ — 1000₂ d) 110010₂ (that is 50₁₀) — 110010₂ (वह 50₁₀ है)

Decimal 8 is 2³, so in binary it is 1 followed by three zeros: 1000₂. Divide-by-2 remainders read from bottom to top give the same bits: 8÷2 → 4 r0; 4÷2 → 2 r0; 2÷2 → 1 r0; 1÷2 → 0 r1. 10000₂ is 16. 100000₂ is 32. 110010₂ is 50.

Q. 24. 8₁₀ in octal and hexadecimal is —

8₁₀ octal और hexadecimal में है —

a) 20₈ and 10₁₆ (that is 16₁₀) — 20₈ और 10₁₆ (वह 16₁₀ है) b) 40₈ and 20₁₆ (that is 32₁₀) — 40₈ और 20₁₆ (वह 32₁₀ है) c) 62₈ and 32₁₆ (that is 50₁₀) — 62₈ और 32₁₆ (वह 50₁₀ है) d) 10₈ and 8₁₆ — 10₈ और 8₁₆

8 = 1×8 + 0, so it is 10₈. In hex the digits still include 8, so 8₁₀ is 8₁₆. The same 8 is 1000₂. 16₁₀ is 20₈ and 10₁₆. 32₁₀ is 40₈ and 20₁₆. 50₁₀ is 62₈ and 32₁₆.

Q. 25. 16₁₀ in binary is —

16₁₀ binary में है —

a) 10000₂ — 10000₂ b) 1000₂ (that is 8₁₀) — 1000₂ (वह 8₁₀ है) c) 100000₂ (that is 32₁₀) — 100000₂ (वह 32₁₀ है) d) 110010₂ (that is 50₁₀) — 110010₂ (वह 50₁₀ है)

Decimal 16 is 2⁴, so in binary it is 1 followed by four zeros: 10000₂. Check: 16÷2 remainders from bottom to top are 0,0,0,0,1. 1000₂ is 8. 100000₂ is 32. 110010₂ is 50. The same 16 is 20₈ and 10₁₆.

Q. 26. 16₁₀ in octal and hexadecimal is —

16₁₀ octal और hexadecimal में है —

a) 10₈ and 8₁₆ (that is 8₁₀) — 10₈ और 8₁₆ (वह 8₁₀ है) b) 20₈ and 10₁₆ — 20₈ और 10₁₆ c) 40₈ and 20₁₆ (that is 32₁₀) — 40₈ और 20₁₆ (वह 32₁₀ है) d) 62₈ and 32₁₆ (that is 50₁₀) — 62₈ और 32₁₆ (वह 50₁₀ है)

16 = 2×8 + 0, so it is 20₈. 16 = 1×16 + 0, so it is 10₁₆. Binary 10000₂ grouped in threes from the right is 010 000 → 20₈; grouped in fours is 0001 0000 → 10₁₆. 8₁₀ is 10₈ and 8₁₆. 32₁₀ is 40₈ and 20₁₆.

Q. 27. 32₁₀ in binary is —

32₁₀ binary में है —

a) 1000₂ (that is 8₁₀) — 1000₂ (वह 8₁₀ है) b) 10000₂ (that is 16₁₀) — 10000₂ (वह 16₁₀ है) c) 100000₂ — 100000₂ d) 110010₂ (that is 50₁₀) — 110010₂ (वह 50₁₀ है)

Decimal 32 is 2⁵, so in binary it is 1 followed by five zeros: 100000₂. The divide-by-2 chain of remainders read upward is 000001 with the 1 at the top. 1000₂ is 8. 10000₂ is 16. 110010₂ is 50. The same 32 is 40₈ and 20₁₆.

Q. 28. 32₁₀ in octal and hexadecimal is —

32₁₀ octal और hexadecimal में है —

a) 10₈ and 8₁₆ (that is 8₁₀) — 10₈ और 8₁₆ (वह 8₁₀ है) b) 20₈ and 10₁₆ (that is 16₁₀) — 20₈ और 10₁₆ (वह 16₁₀ है) c) 62₈ and 32₁₆ (that is 50₁₀) — 62₈ और 32₁₆ (वह 50₁₀ है) d) 40₈ and 20₁₆ — 40₈ और 20₁₆

32 = 4×8 + 0, so it is 40₈. 32 = 2×16 + 0, so it is 20₁₆. Binary 100000₂ grouped in threes is 100 000 → 40₈; grouped in fours is 0010 0000 → 20₁₆. 16₁₀ is 20₈ and 10₁₆. 50₁₀ is 62₈ and 32₁₆.

Q. 29. 50₁₀ in binary is —

50₁₀ binary में है —

a) 110010₂ — 110010₂ b) 1000₂ (that is 8₁₀) — 1000₂ (वह 8₁₀ है) c) 10000₂ (that is 16₁₀) — 10000₂ (वह 16₁₀ है) d) 100000₂ (that is 32₁₀) — 100000₂ (वह 32₁₀ है)

50÷2 → 25 r0; 25÷2 → 12 r1; 12÷2 → 6 r0; 6÷2 → 3 r0; 3÷2 → 1 r1; 1÷2 → 0 r1. Remainders upward give 110010₂. Check: 32+16+2 = 50. 1000₂ is 8. 10000₂ is 16. 100000₂ is 32.

Q. 30. 50₁₀ in octal and hexadecimal is —

50₁₀ octal और hexadecimal में है —

a) 10₈ and 8₁₆ (that is 8₁₀) — 10₈ और 8₁₆ (वह 8₁₀ है) b) 62₈ and 32₁₆ — 62₈ और 32₁₆ c) 20₈ and 10₁₆ (that is 16₁₀) — 20₈ और 10₁₆ (वह 16₁₀ है) d) 40₈ and 20₁₆ (that is 32₁₀) — 40₈ और 20₁₆ (वह 32₁₀ है)

50 = 6×8 + 2, so it is 62₈. 50 = 3×16 + 2, so it is 32₁₆. Binary 110010₂ grouped in threes from the right is 110 010 → 62₈; grouped in fours is 0011 0010 → 32₁₆. 8₁₀ is 10₈ and 8₁₆. 16₁₀ is 20₈ and 10₁₆. 32₁₀ is 40₈ and 20₁₆.

Q. 31. To turn 110010₂ into octal, Anil groups bits —

110010₂ को octal बनाने को Anil bit समूह करता है —

a) in fours from the right (that is binary to hex) — दाएँ से चार-चार (वह binary से hex है) b) in tens from the left only — केवल बाएँ से दस-दस c) in threes from the right (8 = 2³): 110 010 → 62₈ — दाएँ से तीन-तीन (8 = 2³): 110 010 → 62₈ d) never; binary cannot become octal — कभी नहीं; binary octal नहीं बन सकता

Binary to octal groups bits in threes from the right; pad the left if needed. 8 = 2³, so three bits make one octal digit. 110010₂ → 110 010 → 62₈, which is 50 in decimal. Binary to hex groups in fours: 0011 0010 → 32₁₆. Digit 8 cannot appear in a pure octal number.

Q. 32. To turn 110010₂ into hexadecimal, Anil groups bits —

110010₂ को hexadecimal बनाने को Anil bit समूह करता है —

a) in threes from the right (that is binary to octal) — दाएँ से तीन-तीन (वह binary से octal है) b) in eights from the middle only — केवल बीच से आठ-आठ c) never; hex cannot come from binary — कभी नहीं; hex binary से नहीं बन सकता d) in fours from the right (16 = 2⁴), padding the left: 0011 0010 → 32₁₆ — दाएँ से चार-चार (16 = 2⁴), बाएँ शून्य भरकर: 0011 0010 → 32₁₆

Binary to hex: group bits in fours from the right; pad the left with zeros if needed. 16 = 2⁴, so four bits make one hex digit. 110010₂ → 0011 0010 → 32₁₆ (50 in decimal). The same bits in threes are 110 010 → 62₈. Do not mix the grouping sizes.

Q. 33. AND of inputs 1 and 1 in a lab “print if pass and fees paid” gate gives —

लैब के “उत्तीर्ण और शुल्क भरा हो तो छापो” गेट पर निवेश 1 और 1 का AND देता है —

a) 1, because AND is 1 only when every input is 1 — 1, क्योंकि AND 1 तभी जब हर निवेश 1 हो b) 0, because AND copies OR of unlike bits — 0, क्योंकि AND असमान bit के OR की नकल है c) always 0 for two ones — दो एक पर सदैव 0 d) the same as XOR of 1 and 1, which is 1 — 1 और 1 के XOR के बराबर, जो 1 है

AND output is 1 only if every input is 1. For inputs 1 and 1 the output is 1. Example: the lab printer prints a mark-sheet only if marks are a pass and fees are paid. AND of 1 and 0 is 0. OR is 1 if at least one input is 1. NOT inverts a single input.

Q. 34. OR of inputs 1 and 0, as when either a lab login or a guest pass may open a door, gives —

निवेश 1 और 0 पर OR, जैसे लैब लॉगिन या अतिथि पास में से कोई द्वार खोले, देता है —

a) 0, because OR is 1 only when every input is 1 (that is AND) — 0, क्योंकि OR केवल तभी 1 जब हर निवेश 1 हो (वह AND है) b) 1, because OR is 1 when at least one input is 1 — 1, क्योंकि OR 1 तब जब कम से कम एक निवेश 1 हो c) always 0 for a mixed pair — मिश्र जोड़े पर सदैव 0 d) the same as AND of 1 and 0, which is 1 — 1 और 0 के AND के बराबर, जो 1 है

OR output is 1 if at least one input is 1. For inputs 1 and 0 the output is 1. AND of the same pair is 0. NOR is OR followed by NOT: NOR is 1 only when every input is 0. XOR is 1 when the inputs differ.

Q. 35. NOT on a single input 0, as an inverter on a lab flag, gives —

एक निवेश 0 पर NOT, लैब ध्वज के इनवर्टर की तरह, देता है —

a) 0, because NOT copies the input — 0, क्योंकि NOT निवेश की नकल है b) always 0 for any input — किसी भी निवेश पर सदैव 0 c) 1, because NOT flips a single bit; it is not AND or OR on a pair — 1, क्योंकि NOT एक bit पलटता है; जोड़े पर AND या OR नहीं d) the same as XOR of two zeros, which is 1 — दो शून्य के XOR के बराबर, जो 1 है

NOT (inverter) has one input and flips it: NOT 0 = 1 and NOT 1 = 0. AND and OR need at least two inputs in the usual classroom picture. NAND is AND followed by NOT. NOR is OR followed by NOT. NAND and NOR are universal gates: any other gate can be built from NAND alone, or from NOR alone.

Q. 36. NAND of inputs 1 and 0 gives —

निवेश 1 और 0 पर NAND देता है —

a) 0, because NAND is 0 whenever any input is 1 — 0, क्योंकि कोई निवेश 1 हो तो NAND 0 है b) always 0 for a mixed pair — मिश्र जोड़े पर सदैव 0 c) the same as AND of 1 and 0, which is 1 — 1 और 0 के AND के बराबर, जो 1 है d) 1, because NAND is AND followed by NOT: AND of 1 and 0 is 0, then NOT makes 1 — 1, क्योंकि NAND = AND फिर NOT: 1 और 0 का AND = 0, NOT से 1

NAND is AND followed by NOT: output is 0 only when every input is 1. So NAND(1,0) = 1 and NAND(1,1) = 0. NOR is OR followed by NOT: output is 1 only when every input is 0. NAND and NOR are called universal gates because any other gate can be built from NAND alone, or from NOR alone.

Q. 37. XOR of inputs 1 and 1, two equal lab flags, gives —

निवेश 1 और 1 पर XOR, दो समान लैब ध्वज, देता है —

a) 0, because XOR is 1 only when the inputs differ; XNOR of the same pair is 1 — 0, क्योंकि XOR 1 केवल जब निवेश अलग हों; उसी जोड़े का XNOR = 1 b) 1, because XOR copies AND of two ones — 1, क्योंकि XOR दो एक के AND की नकल है c) always 1 for two ones — दो एक पर सदैव 1 d) the same as NAND of 1 and 1, which is 1 — 1 और 1 के NAND के बराबर, जो 1 है

XOR output is 1 when the inputs are different (01 or 10) and 0 when they are the same (00 or 11). So XOR(1,1) = 0. XNOR is the opposite: 1 when the inputs are the same. NAND(1,1) = 0. AND(1,1) = 1. Do not mix XOR with AND.

Q. 38. Machine language as 1GL on the lab CPU is —

लैब CPU पर 1GL के रूप में मशीन भाषा है —

a) mnemonics ADD, SUB, MOV translated by an assembler (that is 2GL) — ADD, SUB, MOV संकेत जिन्हें assembler बदले (वह 2GL है) b) binary 0 and 1 for that CPU model, needing no translator; Anil cannot read it as English — उस CPU मॉडल के binary 0 और 1, बिना अनुवादक; Anil इसे अंग्रेज़ी की तरह नहीं पढ़ सकता c) step-by-step C or COBOL (that is 3GL) — चरण-चरण C या COBOL (वह 3GL है) d) SQL naming the result more than the steps (that is 4GL) — परिणाम को चरणों से अधिक नाम करने वाला SQL (वह 4GL है)

Machine language (1GL) is binary 0 and 1 for one CPU family. It needs no translator. Assembly (2GL) replaces raw bits with mnemonics such as ADD, SUB, MOV, JMP; an assembler translates it. A 3GL writes how step by step — COBOL, FORTRAN, C, Pascal, Java. A 4GL sits closer to what: SQL, report generators, form tools.

Q. 39. An assembler, as against a compiler, is the translator that —

Compiler की तुलना में assembler वह अनुवादक है जो —

a) runs classic BASIC line by line (that is an interpreter) — क्लासिक BASIC पंक्ति-पंक्ति चलाए (वह interpreter है) b) is HTML markup for a browser — ब्राउज़र का HTML मार्कअप है c) turns 2GL mnemonics (ADD, SUB, MOV) into machine language; a compiler turns a whole 3GL program into machine code first — 2GL संकेत (ADD, SUB, MOV) को मशीन भाषा में बदले; compiler पूरी 3GL को पहले मशीन कोड में बदले d) is a leased-line modem — लीज्ड-लाइन मॉडेम है

An assembler translates assembly language (2GL) into machine language. One assembly line still maps to about one machine instruction. A compiler translates the whole high-level program into machine code, then you run the result. An interpreter translates and runs line by line (classic BASIC) and stops at the first error it meets while running.

Q. 40. When Anil’s classic BASIC drill stops at the first error while it is still running, that translator is —

जब Anil का क्लासिक BASIC अभ्यास चलते पहली त्रुटि पर रुक जाए, वह अनुवादक है —

a) an assembler turning ADD into bits only — केवल ADD को bit बनाने वाला assembler b) HTML markup for a browser — ब्राउज़र का HTML मार्कअप c) a leased-line protocol — लीज्ड-लाइन प्रोटोकॉल d) an interpreter: it translates and runs line by line; a compiler translates the whole 3GL program into machine code first, then you run the result — interpreter: पंक्ति-पंक्ति अनुवाद कर चलाए; compiler पूरी 3GL को पहले मशीन कोड में बदले, फिर परिणाम चलाते हो

An interpreter translates and runs a high-level program line by line and stops at the first error it meets while running. Classic BASIC is the classroom picture. A compiler can find many errors before the program runs, because the whole source is translated first. An assembler is for 2GL mnemonics, not for BASIC lines.

Q. 41. SQL written on a fourth-generation lab PC is still a 4GL, not “the hardware generation of that PC”, because —

चौथी पीढ़ी के लैब PC पर लिखा SQL अभी 4GL है, “उस PC की हार्डवेयर पीढ़ी” नहीं, क्योंकि —

a) language generations (1GL–4GL) name how you write the job; hardware generations name the switch inside the box; a PC can run 3GL such as C as well — भाषा-पीढ़ियाँ (1GL–4GL) काम कैसे लिखो, नाम करती हैं; हार्डवेयर-पीढ़ियाँ डिब्बे के अंदर का स्विच नाम करती हैं; PC, C जैसी 3GL भी चला सकता है b) SQL is binary 0 and 1 for one CPU (that is 1GL) — SQL एक CPU के binary 0 और 1 है (वह 1GL है) c) SQL is the same as HTML markup — SQL, HTML मार्कअप के बराबर है d) 4GL means the vacuum tube of ENIAC — 4GL का अर्थ ENIAC का vacuum tube है

A 3GL is a classic procedural language: you write how to do the job step by step — COBOL, FORTRAN, C, Pascal, Java. A 4GL sits closer to what: SQL, report generators, form tools. 4GL is not “the language of a fourth-generation PC.” The generation-number of the language is not the generation-number of the hardware. HTML is markup for a browser, not a 3GL the CPU compiles like C.

Q. 42. Jobs stacked overnight with no talk while they run, as punched-card rooms once did, name —

रात भर रखे काम, चलते बात नहीं, जैसे पंच-कार्ड कक्ष करते थे, नाम करते हैं —

a) time sharing of many terminals by time slices — समय-टुकड़ों में कई टर्मिनलों का time sharing b) batch processing; a classic desktop Windows PC is single-user even with several windows open — batch processing; क्लासिक डेस्कटॉप Windows, कई खिड़कियाँ खुली हों तब भी single-user है c) multiprocessing as a second CPU only — केवल दूसरे CPU के रूप में multiprocessing d) HTML Frameset as an OS type — OS प्रकार के रूप में HTML Frameset

Batch processing means jobs wait in a pile and run with little or no talk from the user while they run. Punched-card rooms are the picture. Single user means one person uses the machine at a time: MS-DOS is the CUI example; classic desktop Windows is still single-user with a GUI. Time sharing gives many users slices of one CPU on a mini or mainframe.

Q. 43. A classic Bikaner lab PC running desktop Windows, one student at the keyboard, is classed as —

कीबोर्ड पर एक विद्यार्थी, डेस्कटॉप Windows चलता क्लासिक बीकानेर लैब PC, वर्ग है —

a) time sharing because two Word windows can open — time sharing क्योंकि दो Word खिड़कियाँ खुल सकती हैं b) batch only, because Save exists — केवल batch, क्योंकि Save है c) single-user (GUI, with multitasking); time sharing is many users sharing one CPU by time slices on a mini or mainframe — single-user (GUI, multitasking के साथ); time sharing mini या mainframe पर कई उपयोगकर्ताओं का एक CPU समय-टुकड़ों में बाँटना है d) multiprocessing only, because a mouse exists — केवल multiprocessing, क्योंकि माउस है

Single user means one person uses the machine at a time. A classic lab PC running desktop Windows is single-user with a GUI: one person at the keyboard, even if several programs are open (multitasking). Time sharing is many users sharing one CPU by time slices. Multiprocessing means more than one processor working together.

Q. 44. Two CPU cores on Anil’s lab PC sharing the mark-total job illustrate —

Anil के लैब PC पर दो CPU कोर अंक-योग बाँटें तो चित्र है —

a) batch cards with no CPU at all — बिना CPU पंच-कार्ड batch b) HTML character tags — HTML अक्षर-टैग c) a fifth type of LAN — LAN का पाँचवाँ प्रकार d) multiprocessing (more than one processor); multiprogramming keeps more than one program in memory so the CPU is not idle while one waits for disk — multiprocessing (एक से अधिक प्रोसेसर); multiprogramming स्मृति में एक से अधिक प्रोग्राम रखे ताकि डिस्क की प्रतीक्षा में CPU खाली न रहे

Multiprocessing means more than one processor (CPU) working together. A dual-core lab PC is a small multiprocessing machine. Multiprogramming keeps more than one program in memory so the CPU is not idle while one program waits for disk. An OS is a resource manager for process, memory, file and I/O.

Q. 45. Windows on the lab microcomputer, as against MS-DOS, is the family you work with through —

MS-DOS की तुलना में लैब माइक्रो कंप्यूटर पर Windows वह परिवार है जिससे काम करते हो —

a) a GUI: windows, icons, menus and a pointer (WIMP); DOS is the older CUI where you type commands — GUI: खिड़कियाँ, आइकन, मेनू और सूचक (WIMP); DOS पुराना CUI है जहाँ कमांड टाइप करते हो b) machine language 1GL only — केवल 1GL मशीन भाषा c) a search-engine website only — केवल सर्च-इंजन वेबसाइट d) ISDN leased voice only — केवल ISDN लीज्ड आवाज़

Windows is Microsoft’s family of GUI operating systems for microcomputers. You work with windows, icons, menus and a pointer (WIMP). After log-in you see the desktop, taskbar and Start. Windows is not the Internet and not HTML. DOS is the older CUI operating system. Shut down through Start so that files in RAM are written back to disk.

Q. 46. To rename Anil’s assignment folder on disk you open Explorer; to change the lab clock and printer you open Control Panel. That contrast is —

डिस्क पर Anil के असाइनमेंट फ़ोल्डर का नाम बदलने को Explorer; लैब घड़ी और प्रिंटर बदलने को Control Panel। वह अंतर है —

a) Explorer compiles COBOL — Explorer COBOL कंपाइल करे b) Explorer shows the tree of named files and folders; Control Panel (or Settings) changes date, display, printer and mouse — they are not two names for one window — Explorer नामित फ़ाइलों-फ़ोल्डरों का पेड़ दिखाए; Control Panel (या Settings) तारीख, डिस्प्ले, प्रिंटर, माउस बदले — एक खिड़की के दो नाम नहीं c) Control Panel fetches IMAP mail — Control Panel IMAP मेल लाए d) both are HTML Frameset documents — दोनों HTML Frameset दस्तावेज़ हैं

Files hold data (a.docx assignment); folders hold files and other folders. Explorer (File Explorer) shows the tree. Control Panel (or Settings) changes date, display, printers and mouse — that is not Explorer’s job. Recycle Bin holds deleted files until you empty it. The taskbar usually sits at the bottom with Start, running programs and the clock.

Q. 47. After Anil deletes yesterday’s.docx, Windows holds it until he empties the —

जब Anil कल की.docx मिटाए, Windows उसे तब तक रखती है जब तक वह खाली न करे —

a) IMAP server that sends SMTP — IMAP सर्वर जो SMTP भेजे b) HTML Frameset document type — HTML Frameset दस्तावेज़-प्रकार c) Recycle Bin; Explorer shows the file tree; Control Panel changes date, display, printer and mouse — Recycle Bin; Explorer फ़ाइल-पेड़ दिखाए; Control Panel तारीख, डिस्प्ले, प्रिंटर, माउस बदले d) ALU inside the CPU — CPU के अंदर ALU

Recycle Bin holds deleted files until you empty it. That is a named Windows desktop fact, not a network protocol. Explorer shows the tree of files and folders. Control Panel (or Settings) changes date, display, printer and mouse. Shut down through Start so that files still in RAM are written back to disk.

Q. 48. A.docx that rides with Anil’s message to a teacher, beside the typed body, is —

टाइप शरीर के साथ शिक्षक को Anil के संदेश पर सवार.docx है —

a) the URL of a web page — वेब पृष्ठ का URL b) SMTP itself as a disk folder — डिस्क फ़ोल्डर के रूप में SMTP स्वयं c) a 3GL compiler switch — 3GL compiler स्विच d) an attachment — a file that travels with the e-mail; Cc is a visible extra person, not the file — attachment — ई-मेल के साथ जाती फ़ाइल; Cc दिखता अतिरिक्त व्यक्ति है, फ़ाइल नहीं

An attachment is a file that rides with the message. To is the main recipient; Cc sends a visible copy; Bcc sends a copy the other To/Cc names do not see. An address has the shape user@domain. Inbox, sent, draft and trash are the usual folders. E-mail is not the WWW: mail can go without opening a web page.

Q. 49. IMAP, as named with Anil reading lab mail and later the same inbox on a phone, typically —

IMAP, जैसा Anil लैब मेल और बाद में फोन पर वही इनबॉक्स पढ़े, प्रायः —

a) fetches mail while leaving it on the server so more than one device can see it; SMTP sends; POP often downloads to one PC — मेल लाए पर सर्वर पर छोड़े ताकि एक से अधिक यंत्र देखें; SMTP भेजे; POP प्रायः एक PC पर उतारे b) sends mail in place of SMTP — SMTP की जगह मेल भेजे c) draws HTML in a browser — ब्राउज़र में HTML खींचे d) erases EPROM with ultraviolet light — UV से EPROM मिटाए

SMTP is the classroom name for sending e-mail. POP or IMAP fetches mail to a PC. IMAP typically leaves messages on the server, so Anil can open the same inbox in the lab and on a phone. POP often downloads to one machine and may remove the copy from the server. E-mail is a service on the Internet, not the whole Internet.

Q. 50. The Internet that carries Anil’s mail is best described as —

Anil की मेल ढोने वाला इंटरनेट सबसे ठीक कहा जाए —

a) a single search-engine website — एक सर्च-इंजन वेबसाइट b) a worldwide network of networks joined by agreed protocols (TCP/IP) so that data can move — not one company’s wire and not only the WWW — सहमत प्रोटोकॉल (TCP/IP) से जुड़ा नेटवर्कों का विश्वव्यापी जाल ताकि डेटा चले — एक कंपनी का तार नहीं, केवल WWW नहीं c) an HTML document type — HTML दस्तावेज़-प्रकार d) a pointing device — संकेतक यंत्र

The Internet is a worldwide network of networks joined by agreed protocols so that data can move. That protocol family is TCP/IP. E-mail, the WWW and search engines are services on the Internet. The Internet existed before the WWW. HTTP fetches web pages; HTML is the language those pages are written in.

Q. 51. Pages of text, pictures and links that Anil opens with HTTP are the WWW. In that service a web page is —

पाठ, चित्र और लिंक के पृष्ठ जो Anil HTTP से खोले, WWW हैं। उस सेवा में web page है —

a) the whole Internet including SMTP mail — SMTP मेल समेत पूरा इंटरनेट b) a single-user CUI such as MS-DOS — MS-DOS जैसा single-user CUI c) one document; a website is a set of related pages; the home page is the front door — the WWW is a service on the Internet, not the whole Internet — एक दस्तावेज़; website संबंधित पृष्ठों का समूह; home page सामने का दरवाज़ा — WWW इंटरनेट की सेवा है, पूरा इंटरनेट नहीं d) a supercomputer at C-DAC — C-DAC का supercomputer

The WWW joins pages of text, pictures and links. A web page is one document; a website is a set of related pages; the home page is the front door. A hyperlink is the clickable jump. HTTP is the protocol that fetches those pages; HTML is the language they are written in. The Internet existed before the WWW and still carries e-mail as well.

Q. 52. Chrome in the lab is a browser; the site Anil types a query into inside that window is a search engine. The contrast is —

लैब में Chrome ब्राउज़र है; उसी खिड़की में Anil जिस साइट पर प्रश्न टाइप करे वह सर्च इंजन है। अंतर है —

a) the search engine is the operating system family — सर्च इंजन ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम परिवार है b) the browser is TCP/IP itself — ब्राउज़र स्वयं TCP/IP है c) both are 1GL machine language — दोनों 1GL मशीन भाषा हैं d) the browser requests a URL, receives HTML and draws the page; the search engine crawls, indexes and ranks other pages — ब्राउज़र URL माँगे, HTML ले, पृष्ठ खींचे; सर्च इंजन दूसरे पृष्ठ रेंगे, सूचीबद्ध करे, क्रम दे

A web browser is application software that requests a URL, receives HTML, and draws the page. The books name Internet Explorer; a lab today also has Edge, Chrome or Firefox. A search engine is a website that finds other pages by crawling, indexing and ranking. The browser is the window; the search engine is used through it. A URL is protocol, then site name, then path.

Q. 53. HTML is tags that tell the browser how to show Anil’s lab page; it is not —

HTML वे टैग हैं जो ब्राउज़र को बताएँ Anil का लैब पृष्ठ कैसे दिखाए; यह नहीं है —

a) a 3GL the CPU compiles like C; markup wraps content, and a simple HTML program is still a small page of those tags — C जैसी कंपाइल 3GL; मार्कअप सामग्री लपेटे, और सरल HTML प्रोग्राम अभी उन्हीं टैगों का छोटा पृष्ठ है b) the language of ordinary web pages — साधारण वेब पृष्ठों की भाषा c) what Strict, Transitional and Frameset document types belong to in HTML 4 — HTML 4 में Strict, Transitional और Frameset दस्तावेज़-प्रकार इसी से जुड़े d) wrapped around a heading or a paragraph — शीर्षक या अनुच्छेद के गिर्द लिपटा

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the language of ordinary web pages. Markup means you wrap content in tags that tell the browser how to show it; it is not a 3GL the CPU compiles like C. A simple HTML program is a small page of those tags. HTML 4 document types include Strict, Transitional and Frameset. The skeleton is html around everything; head then body.

Q. 54. HTML 4 Strict, as against Transitional, is the document type that —

Transitional की तुलना में HTML 4 Strict वह दस्तावेज़-प्रकार है जो —

a) is the only way to send POST passwords — POST पासवर्ड भेजने का एकमात्र तरीका है b) uses the stricter document type and drops older presentational markup; Transitional still allows some older tags; Frameset is for a frameset document — कड़े दस्तावेज़-प्रकार चलाए और पुराना प्रस्तुति-मार्कअप छोड़े; Transitional कुछ पुराने टैग अभी चलने दे; Frameset frameset दस्तावेज़ के लिए है c) is a 4GL such as SQL — SQL जैसी 4GL है d) is a LAN topology — LAN टोपोलॉजी है

HTML 4 names three document types: Strict, Transitional and Frameset. Strict is the cleaner, stricter document type. Transitional still allows some older presentational markup. Frameset is the type for a document that splits the window into frames. The type sits in the document type declaration, not in the visible body text.

Q. 55. The HTML attribute that names where Anil’s hyperlink should jump is —

HTML गुण जो नाम करे Anil का हाइपरलिंक कहाँ कूदे, है —

a) action on <form> only, which is the program that receives form data — केवल <form> का action, जो फॉर्म डेटा लेने वाला प्रोग्राम है b) src on <frameset> as the only link — एकमात्र लिंक के रूप में <frameset> पर src c) href on <a>; the clickable jump is the hyperlink, not the title in the head — <a> पर href; क्लिक की छलाँग हाइपरलिंक है, head का title नहीं d) method on <br> — <br> पर method

A hyperlink is the clickable jump from one page to another. In HTML it is written with the a element and the href attribute naming the destination URL. The title element sits in the head and is the text on the browser tab. h1 to h6 are on-page headings inside the body. A URL is protocol, then site name, then path.

Q. 56. The words on Anil’s Chrome tab sit in the title element. That title —

Anil के Chrome टैब के शब्द title तत्व में बैठते हैं। वह title —

a) is the same as GET and POST — GET और POST के बराबर है b) is a LAN, MAN or WAN — LAN, MAN या WAN है c) is a 4GL such as SQL — SQL जैसी 4GL है d) lives in the head, not as an on-page heading; h1 to h6 are headings inside the body — head में रहता है, पृष्ठ के शीर्षक के रूप में नहीं; h1 से h6 body के भीतर शीर्षक हैं

The skeleton is html around everything; head holds information about the page, then body holds what the visitor sees. The title is the text on the browser tab; it sits in the head. h1 to h6 are on-page headings inside the body. A heading is not a URL and not a style sheet.

Q. 57. In Anil’s mark-table, <th> differs from <td> because —

Anil की अंक-सारणी में <th>, <td> से अलग है क्योंकि —

a) <th> is a header cell; <td> is a data cell; <tr> is the row that holds them — <th> शीर्षक-कोशिका है; <td> डेटा-कोशिका है; <tr> उन्हें रखने वाली पंक्ति है b) <th> is the whole table; <td> is a frameset — <th> पूरी सारणी है; <td> frameset है c) <th> sends GET; <td> sends POST — <th> GET भेजे; <td> POST भेजे d) <th> is CSS; <td> is TCP/IP — <th> CSS है; <td> TCP/IP है

An HTML table is built from table, then tr rows, then th header cells or td data cells. Caption can title the table. Border and cell spacing are older presentational attributes; style sheets can do the look instead. Empty elements include br, hr and img. Character formatting includes b, i, u, sup and sub.

Q. 58. Anil’s lab login form should use POST rather than GET because —

Anil के लैब लॉगिन फॉर्म को GET की जगह POST इसलिए चलाना चाहिए क्योंकि —

a) GET is the only method that can reach an action URL — GET एकमात्र विधि है जो action URL तक पहुँचे b) POST sends the data in the body of the request, the usual choice for a password; GET appends data to the URL, so it can be seen in the address bar — POST डेटा अनुरोध के शरीर में भेजे, पासवर्ड के लिए यही; GET डेटा URL से चिपकाए, इसलिए address bar में दिखे c) POST is an HTML 4 document type — POST एक HTML 4 दस्तावेज़-प्रकार है d) GET erases Mask ROM — GET, Mask ROM मिटाए

A form collects input and sends it to a program (the action URL) by GET or POST. GET appends the data to the URL, so it can be seen in the address bar. POST sends the data in the body of the request — the usual choice for a password. Controls include text, password, radio, checkbox, submit, reset, textarea and select.

Q. 59. A frameset page in the lab browser —

लैब ब्राउज़र का frameset पृष्ठ —

a) is the only HTML 4 Strict document — एकमात्र HTML 4 Strict दस्तावेज़ है b) sends IMAP mail — IMAP मेल भेजे c) splits the window into named rectangles, each showing its own HTML file; <noframes> holds text for a browser that cannot show frames — खिड़की को नामित आयतों में बाँटे, प्रत्येक अपनी HTML फ़ाइल दिखाए; <noframes> उन ब्राउज़रों के लिए पाठ रखे जो फ्रेम न दिखाएँ d) is a minicomputer type — minicomputer का प्रकार है

A frameset document splits the browser window into named rectangles, each showing its own HTML file. The outer file uses frameset with rows or cols and frame src for each pane. noframes holds text for a browser that cannot show frames. Frameset is also an HTML 4 document type, beside Strict and Transitional.

Q. 60. CSS is used on Anil’s college pages so that —

Anil के कॉलेज पृष्ठों पर CSS इसलिए है ताकि —

a) the ALU adds marks — ALU अंक जोड़े b) a modem modulates a wave — मॉडेम तरंग modulate करे c) DRAM refreshes capacitors — DRAM capacitor refresh करे d) look (colour, font, spacing) is separated from HTML structure; an external.css file can be linked from many pages — दिखना (रंग, फ़ॉन्ट, अंतर) HTML संरचना से अलग रहे; बाहरी.css फ़ाइल कई पृष्ठों से जुड़ सकती है

Style sheets separate look from HTML structure. Three places: inline — a style attribute on one tag; internal — a style block in the head for that page; external — a.css file linked from many pages so the whole lab site shares colour and font. HTML says this is a heading; the style sheet says the heading is blue.

Q. 61. The Bikaner lab’s row of PCs, one shared printer and one switch, as a network type, is typically a —

बीकानेर लैब की PC पंक्ति, एक साझा प्रिंटर और एक स्विच, नेटवर्क प्रकार के रूप में, प्रायः है —

a) LAN: small area, high speed, usually owned by one organisation (one lab, one floor, one college building) — LAN: छोटा क्षेत्र, ऊँची गति, प्रायः एक संस्था की (एक लैब, एक मंज़िल, एक कॉलेज भवन) b) WAN covering the whole country on hired long-distance links only — केवल किराए के दूर-लिंक पर पूरा देश ढकने वाला WAN c) MAN that must span several cities — कई शहर अनिवार्यतः ढकने वाला MAN d) a 4GL such as SQL — SQL जैसी 4GL

A LAN covers a small area: one lab, one floor, one college building. Speed is high; it is usually owned by one organisation. A MAN covers a city. A WAN covers a country or the world and typically uses hired links (leased lines, ISDN, later the public Internet). The Internet is a WAN. Compared with a WAN, a LAN is typically higher speed and shorter distance.

Q. 62. A network billed as covering Bikaner city, not one lab room and not the whole country, is typically a —

जो नेटवर्क बीकानेर शहर ढके, एक लैब कमरा नहीं और पूरा देश नहीं, प्रायः है —

a) register inside the CPU — CPU के अंदर रजिस्टर b) MAN (metropolitan); a LAN is one building; a WAN is country-scale or global on hired links — MAN (महानगरीय); LAN एक भवन; WAN देश-स्तर या वैश्विक, किराए के लिंक पर c) HTML Strict document type — HTML Strict दस्तावेज़-प्रकार d) impact printer ribbon — impact प्रिंटर रिबन

A MAN typically covers a city: municipal offices, a campus spread across town, a city cable ring. It sits between a LAN (one lab or building) and a WAN (country or world). Speed and ownership vary. Do not call the Bikaner lab room a MAN, and do not call the public Internet a LAN.

Q. 63. If two Bikaner lab PCs send at the same moment on a shared bus backbone, they typically —

यदि दो बीकानेर लैब PC साझा bus रीढ़ पर एक ही क्षण भेजें, वे प्रायः —

a) join two neighbours in a ring without new cables — बिना नई केबल दो निकट स्टेशनों को ring में जोड़ना b) become a MAN covering the whole city without extra links — बिना अतिरिक्त लिंक पूरा शहर ढकने वाला MAN बनना c) collide: the shared cable cannot carry two clean frames at once; a star switch forwards only toward the destination port — टकराएँ: साझा केबल एक साथ दो साफ़ फ्रेम नहीं ढो सकती; star स्विच फ्रेम केवल गंतव्य पोर्ट की ओर भेजे d) turn every station into a full-mesh pair automatically — हर स्टेशन को स्वयं पूर्ण-mesh जोड़ा बनाना

Bus topology uses one shared backbone. If that backbone breaks, the whole bus is silent. Two stations sending at once collide on that cable. Star gives each station its own cable to a hub or switch, so a single station cable can fail without silencing the others. A switch forwards a frame only toward the destination port; a hub floods every port.

Q. 64. In the lab star, a hub differs from a switch because the hub —

लैब star में हब, स्विच से अलग है क्योंकि हब —

a) chooses Internet routes as a router does — राउटर की तरह इंटरनेट के मार्ग चुने b) joins unlike mail protocols as a full gateway only — केवल पूरे गेटवे की तरह उलटी मेल-प्रणालियाँ जोड़े c) turns bits into a telephone wave as a modem does — मॉडेम की तरह bit को टेलीफोन तरंग बनाए d) repeats every incoming bit to every port; a switch forwards a frame only toward the destination, so other PCs are not flooded — हर आने वाला bit हर पोर्ट पर दोहराए; स्विच फ्रेम केवल गंतव्य की ओर भेजे, इसलिए दूसरे PC न भरें

In star topology each station has its own cable to a central hub or switch. A hub repeats every incoming bit to every port. A switch forwards a frame only toward the destination port. A modern college lab is almost always a star around a switch, not a hub. A bridge joins two same-protocol LAN segments; a router joins different networks.

Q. 65. Stations on a loop that pass a turn to speak illustrate —

लूप पर स्टेशन जो बोलने की बारी घुमाएँ, चित्र हैं —

a) ring topology: each station joins two neighbours; a token or turn travels the ring; a single break can stop the ring unless a second ring is built — ring टोपोलॉजी: प्रत्येक स्टेशन दो निकट स्टेशनों से जुड़े; टोकन या बारी रिंग पर चले; एक टूट रिंग रोक सकता है जब तक दूसरी रिंग न हो b) bus topology with one shared backbone only — केवल एक साझा रीढ़ वाली bus टोपोलॉजी c) star topology with a cable to a hub only — केवल हब तक केबल वाली star टोपोलॉजी d) full mesh where every pair has a link — पूर्ण mesh जहाँ हर जोड़े का लिंक हो

Ring topology: each station joins two neighbours in a loop. A token or a turn to speak travels the ring so that stations take turns. A single break can stop the ring unless a second ring is built for backup. Star gives each station its own cable to a hub or switch. Bus uses one shared backbone; if that backbone breaks, the whole bus is silent.

Q. 66. The campus box that reads packet addresses and chooses whether Anil’s result request goes out on the WAN link is —

परिसर का वह डिब्बा जो पैकेट पते पढ़े और तय करे Anil का परिणाम-अनुरोध WAN लिंक पर बाहर जाए, है —

a) a hub that floods every star port — हब जो हर star पोर्ट भरे b) a router: it joins different networks and chooses a path; the Internet is a mesh of routers — a modem does not choose those routes — राउटर: अलग नेटवर्क जोड़े और मार्ग चुने; इंटरनेट राउटरों का mesh है — मॉडेम वे मार्ग नहीं चुनता c) a bridge that only joins two identical Ethernet wings and never routes — ब्रिज जो केवल दो समान Ethernet बाँहें जोड़े, कभी रूट न करे d) an HTML frameset row — HTML frameset पंक्ति

A router joins different networks and chooses a path. The Internet is a mesh of routers. A campus router decides whether a packet for the result server goes out on the college WAN link. It reads addresses and forwards. A modem does not choose Internet routes; a router does. A hub floods every port; a switch forwards to one destination port.

Q. 67. Four college offices each linked to every other office illustrate —

चार कॉलेज दफ्तर जिनमें प्रत्येक हर दूसरे से जुड़ा हो, चित्र हैं —

a) bus topology with one shared backbone only — केवल एक साझा रीढ़ वाली bus टोपोलॉजी b) star topology with a single hub cable only — केवल एक हब केबल वाली star टोपोलॉजी c) full mesh: every pair has a link — very reliable, very expensive; partial mesh uses fewer extra links so other paths can still run if one fails — पूर्ण mesh: हर जोड़े का लिंक — बहुत विश्वसनीय, बहुत महँगा; आंशिक mesh कम अतिरिक्त कड़ियाँ चलाए ताकि एक लिंक टूटे तो दूसरे मार्ग चलें d) ring topology with exactly two neighbours only — केवल दो निकट स्टेशनों वाली ring टोपोलॉजी

Mesh: many stations link to many others. Full mesh means every pair has a link — very reliable, very expensive, used where a WAN must not fail. Partial mesh is fewer extra links. If one link fails, other paths still run. Ring joins two neighbours in a loop; bus uses one shared backbone; star uses a central hub or switch.

Q. 68. A bridge on two Ethernet wings of the same college building —

एक ही कॉलेज भवन की दो Ethernet बाँहों पर ब्रिज —

a) modulates a telephone wave only — केवल टेलीफोन तरंग modulate करे b) is DRAM refresh only — केवल DRAM refresh है c) is an HTML title only — केवल HTML title है d) joins same-protocol LAN segments and keeps local traffic local; a router chooses a path across different networks; a gateway translates unlike protocols — समान-प्रोटोकॉल LAN खंड जोड़े और स्थानीय ट्रैफ़िक स्थानीय रखे; राउटर अलग नेटवर्कों पर मार्ग चुने; गेटवे उलटी प्रणालियाँ अनुवाद करे

A bridge joins two LAN segments that speak the same protocol and keeps local traffic local. A router joins different networks and chooses a path by address; the Internet is a mesh of routers. A gateway joins networks that do not share the same protocol or naming — a translator at the door. All gateways route; not every router is a full gateway.

Q. 69. A gateway, as against a simple campus router, is the box that —

सरल परिसर राउटर की तुलना में गेटवे वह डिब्बा है जो —

a) joins networks that do not share the same protocol or naming — a translator at the door (an e-mail gateway between two mail systems is the picture) — वे नेटवर्क जोड़े जो प्रोटोकॉल या नामकरण साझा न करें — दरवाज़े पर अनुवादक (दो मेल-प्रणालियों के बीच ई-मेल गेटवे चित्र है) b) only repeats bits to every star port as a hub does — केवल हब की तरह हर star पोर्ट पर bit दोहराए c) only strikes a printer ribbon — केवल प्रिंटर रिबन मारे d) only stores bits as optical pits — केवल ऑप्टिकल गड्ढों के रूप में bit रखे

A gateway joins networks that do not share the same protocol or the same way of naming. An e-mail gateway between two mail systems is the picture. All gateways route; not every router is a full gateway. Gateway is the most “different-to-different” of bridge / router / gateway. A modem does not choose Internet routes; a router does.

Q. 70. Dial-up from a home phone into the college used a modem because a modem —

घर के फोन से कॉलेज में डायल-अप मॉडेम इसलिए चलाता था क्योंकि मॉडेम —

a) forwards frames only to one star port as a switch does — स्विच की तरह फ्रेम केवल एक star पोर्ट पर भेजे b) turns the computer’s digital bits into a wave a telephone line can carry, and back; it does not choose Internet routes as a router does — कंप्यूटर के डिजिटल bit को उस तरंग में बदले जो टेलीफोन लाइन ढोए, और वापस; राउटर की तरह इंटरनेट के मार्ग न चुने c) is Mask ROM firmware only — केवल Mask ROM firmware है d) is a 4GL report tool only — केवल 4GL रिपोर्ट औज़ार है

A modem (modulator–demodulator) turns the computer’s digital bits into a wave a telephone line can carry, and back again. Dial-up Internet used a modem on a phone line. It is both input and output. A modem does not choose Internet routes; a router does. ISDN is a digital telephone-network service, faster and cleaner than an analogue modem call.

Q. 71. ISDN as a WAN access method, compared with an analogue modem call, is —

एनालॉग मॉडेम कॉल की तुलना में WAN पहुँच के रूप में ISDN है —

a) slower analogue noise as the only service — एकमात्र सेवा के रूप में धीमा एनालॉग शोर b) a microcomputer size-type — microcomputer आकार-प्रकार c) a digital telephone-network service that can carry voice and data on the same subscriber line, faster and cleaner than analogue dial-up — डिजिटल टेलीफोन-नेटवर्क सेवा जो उसी सब्सक्राइबर लाइन पर आवाज़ और डेटा ढोए, एनालॉग डायल-अप से तेज़-साफ़ d) an HTML style sheet — HTML स्टाइल शीट

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is a digital telephone-network service that can carry voice and data on the same subscriber line. It is faster and cleaner than an analogue modem call. The college or office rents ISDN from the telecom. A leased line is a dedicated always-on circuit between two points, billed for the line, not per minute of a call.

Q. 72. The always-on hired circuit from Bikaner campus to a city data centre is —

बीकानेर परिसर से शहर के डेटा केंद्र तक हमेशा-चालू किराए का सर्किट है —

a) classic dial-up billed per minute on a voice call only — केवल आवाज़ कॉल पर मिनट-भाड़े वाला क्लासिक डायल-अप b) a bus collision on one lab cable only — केवल एक लैब केबल पर bus टकराव c) an HTML form GET in the address bar only — केवल address bar में HTML फॉर्म GET d) a leased line: dedicated exclusive use between two points; you do not dial each time, and cost is for the line, not per minute — लीज्ड लाइन: दो बिंदुओं के बीच समर्पित विशेष उपयोग; हर बार डायल नहीं, भाड़ा लाइन का, मिनट का नहीं

A leased line is a dedicated circuit the organisation rents for exclusive, always-on use between two points — Bikaner campus to a city data centre, or a bank branch to the mainframe. You do not dial each time. Cost is for the line, not per call. WANs of railways and universities often sit on leased lines. ISDN is a different hired digital telephone service.

Q. 73. A Bikaner–Jaipur class with live pictures as well as voice is videoconferencing because it —

जीवंत चित्रों और आवाज़ वाली बीकानेर–जयपुर कक्षा वीडियोकॉन्फ्रेंसिंग इसलिए है क्योंकि वह —

a) adds live pictures: each site needs a camera, a microphone, speakers or headphones, and enough bandwidth; teleconferencing’s minimum is voice — जीवंत चित्र जोड़े: प्रत्येक स्थल को कैमरा, माइक्रोफोन, स्पीकर या हेडफोन, और पर्याप्त बैंडविड्थ चाहिए; टेलीकॉन्फ्रेंसिंग का न्यूनतम आवाज़ है b) forbids audio on every link — हर लिंक पर ऑडियो मना करे c) is a fifth type of LAN/MAN/WAN — LAN/MAN/WAN का पाँचवाँ प्रकार है d) needs no network at all — कोई नेटवर्क ही न चाहिए

Teleconferencing is a meeting held over a telecommunications link so that people in more than one place take part at the same time; voice is the minimum. Videoconferencing is that meeting plus live pictures. Both are applications of networks, not a fifth type of LAN/MAN/WAN. Enough bandwidth matters for video; a thin dial-up link may carry voice and fail on pictures.

Q. 74. Checking an MGSU result on a website is G2C; Anil buying one Rapidex from a publisher’s site is B2C. That contrast is —

वेबसाइट पर MGSU परिणाम देखना G2C है; प्रकाशक की साइट से Anil का एक Rapidex खरीदना B2C है। वह अंतर है —

a) both are C2C used-book sales — दोनों C2C पुरानी किताब की बिक्री हैं b) G2C is e-governance (government to citizen); B2C is e-commerce (firm to a person) — a result is not a shop sale — G2C ई-गवर्नेंस है (सरकार से नागरिक); B2C ई-कॉमर्स है (फर्म से व्यक्ति) — परिणाम दुकान-बिक्री नहीं c) both are G2G office-to-office only — दोनों केवल G2G दफ्तर-से-दफ्तर हैं d) both are vacuum-tube generations — दोनों vacuum-tube पीढ़ियाँ हैं

E-governance is government using IT to serve citizens, business and other offices. G2C is government to citizen: a university result, an exam form, a railway reservation against a government carrier. E-commerce is buying and selling using computers and networks. B2C is firm to consumer: the publisher’s site selling one Rapidex (Pustak Mahal) to Anil. Do not mix a result portal with a shop.

Q. 75. Pustak Mahal selling Rapidex stock to a college bookstore, firm to firm, is —

Pustak Mahal का कॉलेज किताब-घर को Rapidex स्टॉक बेचना, फर्म से फर्म, है —

a) G2C result checking — G2C परिणाम देखना b) G2G office mail only — केवल G2G दफ्तर मेल c) B2B e-commerce; the same site selling one copy to Anil is B2C; a student selling a used copy to a classmate is C2C — B2B ई-कॉमर्स; वही साइट Anil को एक प्रति बेचे तो B2C; विद्यार्थी सहपाठी को पुरानी प्रति बेचे तो C2C d) 1GL machine language — 1GL मशीन भाषा

Categories by who sells to whom: B2B firm to firm (a publisher selling to a college store); B2C firm to consumer (one Rapidex to Anil); C2C consumer to consumer (a used textbook); C2B consumer to business (a student offering a photograph or a small service to a firm). Some pages also name B2G next to e-governance. Printing a notice in the lab is not commerce.

Q. 76. Anil selling last year’s used IT Tools and Application (Madulika) to a classmate on a campus board is —

Anil का पिछले साल वाला IT Tools and Application (Madulika) सहपाठी को परिसर बोर्ड पर बेचना है —

a) G2B tenders for firms — फर्मों की G2B निविदा b) mainframe hardware generation — mainframe हार्डवेयर पीढ़ी c) NAND as a universal gate — universal gate के रूप में NAND d) C2C: consumer to consumer; B2B would be publisher to bookstore; B2C would be the shop’s site selling a new copy — C2C: उपभोक्ता से उपभोक्ता; B2B प्रकाशक से किताब-घर; B2C दुकान की साइट नई प्रति बेचे

C2C is consumer to consumer: a used textbook, a second-hand Rapidex, a classmate-to-classmate sale. B2B is firm to firm. B2C is firm to a person buying one new copy. E-commerce needs a transaction; a free notice on a wall is not a sale until money and goods move.

Q. 77. EDI between a publisher and a college store is —

प्रकाशक और कॉलेज स्टोर के बीच EDI है —

a) computer-to-computer exchange of standard business documents (purchase order, invoice, despatch note) without retyping paper at each end — मानक व्यापार दस्तावेज़ों (खरीद आदेश, बिल, प्रेषण) का कंप्यूटर-से-कंप्यूटर आदान-प्रदान, हर छोर पर कागज़ दोबारा टाइप किए बिना b) a pointing device — संकेतक यंत्र c) an HTML character tag — HTML अक्षर-टैग d) a LAN topology name — LAN टोपोलॉजी का नाम

EDI is electronic data interchange: computer-to-computer exchange of standard business documents without retyping paper at each end. Purchase order, invoice and despatch note are the usual set. EFT on EDI networks moves money as a message when the invoice matches: the buyer’s bank is told to pay the seller’s bank. No bag of notes in a bus.

Q. 78. EFT on those EDI networks, when the publisher’s invoice matches, —

उन EDI नेटवर्क पर EFT, जब प्रकाशक का बिल मेल खाए, —

a) is star topology cabling — star टोपोलॉजी की केबलिंग है b) moves money as a message: the buyer’s bank is told to pay the seller’s bank — not a bag of notes, not OMR bubbles — पैसे का संदेश चलाए: खरीदार का बैंक विक्रेता के बैंक को दे — नोटों का थैला नहीं, OMR बुलबुले नहीं c) is an HTML heading tag — HTML शीर्षक-टैग है d) is a plotter pen — प्लॉटर की कलम है

Electronic funds transfer (EFT) on EDI networks is the movement of money as a message on those same structured networks. The buyer’s bank is told to pay the seller’s bank when the EDI invoice matches. An electronic payment system is any accepted way to pay without handing cash across a counter. Darkening OMR bubbles is input, not payment.

Q. 79. E-cash / a stored-value wallet, as a named electronic payment form, —

नामित इलेक्ट्रॉनिक भुगतान रूप के रूप में ई-कैश / संचित-मूल्य वॉलेट —

a) is OMR bubble darkening — OMR बुलबुले गहरा करना है b) is Mask ROM at the factory — कारखाने की Mask ROM है c) holds value electronically before Anil spends it; a debit card pays now from the bank account; a credit card pays later (the bank lends) — Anil खर्च से पहले मूल्य इलेक्ट्रॉनिक रूप में रखे; डेबिट कार्ड खाते से अभी चुकाए; क्रेडिट कार्ड बाद में (बैंक उधार दे) d) is bus topology — bus टोपोलॉजी है

Named electronic payment forms include credit card (pay later, the bank lends), debit card (pay now from the account), smart card (a chip that holds value or identity), electronic cheque, and e-cash / stored-value wallet. Paying an exam fee online is a payment. The shop of e-commerce is open all hours; a student in Bikaner can buy from another city.

Q. 80. Midnight ordering of Rapidex from Bikaner to a seller in another city is e-commerce because —

बीकानेर से दूसरे शहर के विक्रेता को आधी रात Rapidex मँगाना ई-कॉमर्स इसलिए है क्योंकि —

a) any use of a computer is automatically commerce — कंप्यूटर का कोई भी उपयोग अपने आप वाणिज्य है b) OMR bubbles are a payment system — OMR बुलबुले भुगतान प्रणाली हैं c) a mainframe generation is a shop — mainframe पीढ़ी दुकान है d) it is buying and selling of goods using computers and networks; printing a notice in the lab is not commerce — the transaction is the point — यह कंप्यूटर और नेटवर्क से वस्तुओं का खरीद-बेच है; लैब में सूचना छापना वाणिज्य नहीं — लेन-देन बिंदु है

E-commerce is buying and selling of goods and services using computers and networks — typically the Internet. A book ordered from a site, a railway e-ticket, a lab licence paid online are e-commerce. Printing a notice in the lab is not commerce. Benefits: the shop is open all hours; a student in Bikaner can buy from another city; choice is wider; some prices fall because the shop-front is a server. Limits sit beside growth: you cannot feel the cloth; delivery takes time; the link and the payment must be trusted.

Q. 81. Computer ethics, as Anil sits in the lab with no invigilator behind him, is —

जब Anil के पीछे निरीक्षक न हो, लैब में कंप्यूटर नीति है —

a) the ought — principles of right and wrong with a computer, a network or data; the IT Act is the must, with a court — चाहिए — कंप्यूटर, नेटवर्क या डेटा पर सही-गलत के सिद्धांत; IT Act अवश्य है, न्यायालय के साथ b) a fifth generation of hardware — हार्डवेयर की पाँचवीं पीढ़ी c) a virus scanner by itself — अकेला वायरस स्कैनर d) the prison term with no habit of stopping — रोकने की आदत के बिना कारावास की अवधि

Computer ethics is the set of principles that say what is right and wrong when you use a computer, a network or data. The machine is fast and has no feelings, so a person must bring the rule. Law can punish; ethics is the habit that should stop the act even when no invigilator is in the lab. Do not snoop in files, mail or mark-lists that are not yours.

Q. 82. PAPA “privacy”, for roll 2145’s marks on a Bikaner server, asks —

बीकानेर सर्वर पर रोल 2145 के अंकों के लिए PAPA की “निजता” पूछती है —

a) which logic gate to solder — कौन सा logic gate जोड़ना है b) who may see those marks; accuracy asks whether a wrong print-out is “the computer’s opinion”; property asks who owns the file; access asks who may log in — वे अंक कौन देखे; सटीकता पूछे गलत प्रिंट-आउट “कंप्यूटर की राय” है या नहीं; संपत्ति पूछे फ़ाइल किसकी; पहुँच पूछे लॉग इन किसे मिले c) which topology cable to buy — कौन सी टोपोलॉजी केबल खरीदनी है d) which HTML document type to declare — कौन सा HTML दस्तावेज़-प्रकार घोषित करना है

PAPA names four doors: Privacy (who may see roll 2145’s marks), Accuracy (a wrong print-out is not “the computer’s opinion”), Property (who owns the notes file or a program), and Access (who is allowed to log in). Using another student’s Windows login is an access wrong as well as an ethics wrong.

Q. 83. Logging in as a classmate on a Bikaner lab PC fails PAPA access because —

बीकानेर लैब PC पर सहपाठी के रूप में लॉग इन PAPA पहुँच पर इसलिए गिरता है क्योंकि —

a) access means which logic gate to use — पहुँच का अर्थ कौन सा logic gate है b) access means which topology to cable — पहुँच का अर्थ कौन सी टोपोलॉजी केबल है c) access asks who is allowed to log in — you may not use another student’s Windows login; privacy is who may see marks; property is who owns a program — पहुँच पूछती है लॉग इन किसे मिले — दूसरे विद्यार्थी का Windows लॉगिन नहीं चलता; निजता अंक कौन देखे; संपत्ति प्रोग्राम किसका d) access means which HTML document type to declare — पहुँच का अर्थ कौन सा HTML दस्तावेज़-प्रकार है

Access asks who is allowed to log in. Using another student’s Windows login is an access wrong as well as an ethics wrong. Privacy is who may see marks. Accuracy is whether a wrong print-out is still a fact. Property is who owns a notes file or a program. PAPA names those four doors together.

Q. 84. Zipping the whole of a paid lab program for the class, as PAPA “property”, is wrong because —

पूरी कक्षा के लिए चुकाए लैब प्रोग्राम को zip करना, PAPA “संपत्ति” के रूप में, इसलिए गलत है क्योंकि —

a) property means who may see marks (that is privacy) — संपत्ति का अर्थ अंक कौन देखे (वह निजता है) b) property means whether a wrong print-out is a fact (that is accuracy) — संपत्ति का अर्थ गलत प्रिंट-आउट तथ्य है या नहीं (वह सटीकता है) c) property means who may log in (that is access) — संपत्ति का अर्थ लॉग इन किसे मिले (वह पहुँच है) d) property asks who owns the notes file or the program; that zip is also software piracy if the licence forbids it — संपत्ति पूछती है नोट्स फ़ाइल या प्रोग्राम किसका; लाइसेंस मना करे तो वह zip सॉफ्टवेयर पाइरेसी भी है

Property asks who owns the notes file or a program. Copyright protects original writing and software from unauthorised copy. Softlifting is using a single-user copy on many machines; counterfeiting is fake boxes; internet piracy is upload or download of paid software. A pirated copy can also carry a virus. Privacy is who may see marks, not who owns the program.

Q. 85. Cyber law, as against ethics in the Bikaner lab, is —

बीकानेर लैब में नीति की तुलना में साइबर विधि है —

a) the must, with a court: law covering acts done with computers, computer systems, computer networks and data in electronic form — अवश्य, न्यायालय के साथ: कंप्यूटर, कंप्यूटर तंत्र, नेटवर्क और इलेक्ट्रॉनिक रूप के डेटा से किए कामों का कानून b) only Windows Explorer — केवल Windows Explorer c) only a spam filter — केवल स्पैम फ़िल्टर d) only star cabling — केवल star केबलिंग

Cyber law is the law that covers acts done with computers, computer systems, computer networks and data in electronic form. Ordinary law still applies (theft, defamation), but electronic records needed a statute. In India that statute is the Information Technology Act, 2000, in force from 17 October 2000. Ethics is the ought; the Act is the must.

Q. 86. In India the Information Technology Act, 2000, began to have force on —

भारत में सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी अधिनियम, 2000, लागू होना शुरू हुआ —

a) 15 August 1947 with Independence — स्वतंत्रता के साथ 15 अगस्त 1947 b) 17 October 2000; a 2008 amendment later added and tightened several offences — 17 अक्टूबर 2000; बाद में 2008 के संशोधन ने कई अपराध जोड़े और कसे c) the morning ENIAC was switched on — जिस सुबह ENIAC चालू हुई d) the day the Intel 4004 shipped in 1971 — 1971 में Intel 4004 के जहाज़ चढ़ने के दिन

The Information Technology Act, 2000 came into force in India on 17 October 2000. An amendment in 2008 added and tightened several offences. The lab PC is not outside the law. The Act gives legal recognition to electronic records and to digital signatures (later also electronic signatures) when its conditions are met.

Q. 87. The 2008 amendment to the IT Act —

IT Act का 2008 का संशोधन —

a) repealed electronic records entirely — इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अभिलेख पूरी तरह रद्द किए b) replaced TCP/IP with HTML — TCP/IP की जगह HTML दी c) added and tightened several offences (including those named with piracy, intellectual property, child abuse and related computer crimes); it did not repeal the Act — कई अपराध जोड़े और कसे (पाइरेसी, बौद्धिक संपदा, बाल शोषण और संबंधित कंप्यूटर अपराध समेत); अधिनियम रद्द नहीं किया d) cancelled 17 October 2000 as the in-force date — लागू तिथि के रूप में 17 अक्टूबर 2000 रद्द की

The IT Act 2000 came into force on 17 October 2000. An amendment in 2008 added and tightened several offences, including those named with software piracy, intellectual property, child abuse and related computer crimes. The original in-force date was not cancelled. Ethics still names the habit; the Act names the court.

Q. 88. Under the Act, a filled exam form on an official site can stand like signed paper because the Act recognises —

अधिनियम के अधीन आधिकारिक साइट पर भरा परीक्षा फॉर्म हस्ताक्षरित कागज़ की तरह इसलिए खड़ा हो सकता है क्योंकि अधिनियम मान्यता देता है —

a) only wet ink, never an electronic record — केवल गीली स्याही, इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अभिलेख कभी नहीं b) only OMR bubbles as signatures — केवल OMR बुलबुले हस्ताक्षर के रूप में c) only vacuum-tube listings — केवल vacuum-tube सूचियाँ d) electronic records and digital signatures (later also electronic signatures), if the conditions of the Act are met; the CCA is named for digital-signature certificates — इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अभिलेख और डिजिटल हस्ताक्षर (बाद में इलेक्ट्रॉनिक हस्ताक्षर भी), शर्तें पूरी हों तो; डिजिटल-हस्ताक्षर प्रमाणपत्रों के लिए CCA नामित है

The Act gives legal recognition to electronic records and to digital signatures (later also electronic signatures). A filled exam form or a notice on an official site can stand the way a signed paper can, if the conditions of the Act are met. It names a Controller of Certifying Authorities (CCA) for digital-signature certificates. Paper is not abolished; electronic form is recognised.

Q. 89. Selling burned CDs of a paid Windows installer in a market stall is software piracy as —

बाज़ार के स्टॉल पर चुकाए Windows इंस्टॉलर की जली CD बेचना सॉफ्टवेयर पाइरेसी है, रूप —

a) unauthorised copy, use, distribution or sale of a program; counterfeiting is fake boxes; softlifting is one licensed copy on many lab PCs without permission — प्रोग्राम की बिना अधिकार नकल, उपयोग, वितरण या बिक्री; नकली डिब्बे counterfeiting; बिना अनुमति एक लाइसेंस प्रति कई लैब PC पर softlifting b) buying Rapidex from a shop with a bill — बिल के साथ दुकान से Rapidex खरीदना c) writing your own HTML page for roll 2145 — रोल 2145 के लिए अपना HTML पृष्ठ लिखना d) shutting down Windows through Start — Start से Windows बंद करना

Software piracy is the unauthorised copying, use, distribution or sale of a program: installing one licensed copy on every lab PC without the licence that allows it, sharing a paid installer on a pen drive, or selling burned CDs. Softlifting is using a single-user copy on many machines; counterfeiting is fake boxes; internet piracy is upload or download of paid software. A pirated copy can also carry a virus.

Q. 90. Copying a classmate’s HTML page and putting roll 2145 on it is a copyright wrong because copyright as IP protects —

सहपाठी का HTML पृष्ठ नकल कर रोल 2145 लगाना कॉपीराइट की गलती है क्योंकि IP के रूप में कॉपीराइट बचाता है —

a) only a college building — केवल कॉलेज भवन b) original writing and software from unauthorised copy; a patent can protect a new invention; a trademark protects a name or sign that identifies a product — मूल लेखन और सॉफ्टवेयर को बिना अधिकार नकल से; पेटेंट नया आविष्कार बचा सकता है; ट्रेडमार्क वह नाम या चिह्न बचाता है जो उत्पाद पहचाने c) only RAM chips — केवल RAM चिप d) only a bus cable — केवल bus केबल

Intellectual property is the legal name for creations of the mind. Copyright protects original writing and software from unauthorised copy. A patent can protect a new invention. A trademark protects a name or sign that identifies a product. IP is why a simple HTML program you write is yours, and why you may not zip the whole of Sinha for the class.

Q. 91. If harmful files involving a child appear on a Bikaner lab PC, Anil’s IT Act duty is —

यदि बच्चे से जुड़ी हानिकारक फ़ाइलें बीकानेर लैब PC पर दिखें, Anil का IT Act कर्तव्य है —

a) create, keep or share such files only on a lab PC — ऐसी फ़ाइलें केवल लैब PC पर बनाओ, रखो या बाँटो b) describe the content in an assignment — असाइनमेंट में सामग्री का वर्णन करो c) do not create, keep, share or seek such files; report through the college or the police if they appear on a lab PC — ऐसी फ़ाइलें न बनाओ, न रखो, न बाँटो, न ढूँढ़ो; लैब PC पर दिखें तो कॉलेज या पुलिस से रिपोर्ट करो d) treat it as a Windows desktop icon — इसे Windows डेस्कटॉप आइकन मानो

The IT Act (sharpened by the 2008 amendment) names using a computer or network to harm a child in this way as an offence. The duty is: do not create, keep, share or seek such files; report through the college or the police if they appear on a lab PC.

Q. 92. A mail that looks like a result portal and asks Anil to “confirm roll 2145 and your password” is phishing. The first classroom check is —

मेल जो परिणाम-पोर्टल लगे और Anil से “रोल 2145 और पासवर्ड पुष्टि करो” माँगे, phishing है। कक्षा की पहली जाँच है —

a) baiting with a lost pen drive, which is a different social-engineering trick — खोई पेन ड्राइव से baiting, जो अलग सोशल-इंजीनियरिंग चाल है b) pretexting by phone in a false role, without a fake page — झूठी भूमिका में फोन से pretexting, बिना नकली पृष्ठ c) a genuine college-office notice that never asks for a password — कॉलेज दफ्तर की असली सूचना जो पासवर्ड कभी न माँगे d) the URL: do not type the password or OTP on a page you did not seek; ask the college office, not the mail — URL: जिस पृष्ठ को तुमने स्वयं नहीं खोजा उस पर पासवर्ड या OTP मत टाइप करो; मेल नहीं, कॉलेज दफ्तर से पूछो

Phishing is a fake e-mail or page that looks like a bank, a university result portal or a scholarship site. It is social engineering: it tricks the person, not the chip. Check the URL; do not give passwords or OTPs to a page you did not seek; ask the college office, not the mail. Pretexting is a false role on a phone; baiting is a “lost” pen drive in the lab.

Q. 93. Social engineering in the Bikaner lab attacks —

बीकानेर लैब में सोशल इंजीनियरिंग हमला करती है —

a) the person: a false role, a fake page or a “lost” pen drive tricking someone into a password, roll, card detail or click — not the ALU clock — व्यक्ति पर: झूठी भूमिका, नकली पृष्ठ या “खोई” पेन ड्राइव से फुसलाकर पासवर्ड, रोल, कार्ड डिटेल या क्लिक — ALU की घड़ी नहीं b) the ALU by changing its clock without a person — व्यक्ति के बिना ALU की घड़ी बदलकर c) BIOS firmware without tricking anyone (that is a chip attack, not social engineering) — किसी को फुसलाए बिना BIOS firmware (वह चिप-हमला है, सोशल इंजीनियरिंग नहीं) d) the data bus wires with no human trick — बिना मानव चाल data bus तारों पर

Social engineering tricks a person into giving access, a password, a roll number, a card detail or a click — it does not break the CPU. Pretexting is a phone or message in a false role. Phishing is a fake e-mail or page. Baiting is a “lost” pen drive in the lab. Defence: do not open an unknown pen drive; check the URL; ask the college office.

Q. 94. Alan Turing in 1950 asked, as a test of machine answers, whether —

Alan Turing ने 1950 में मशीन-उत्तरों की परीक्षा के रूप में पूछा, क्या —

a) ENIAC was a fifth-generation phone — ENIAC पाँचवीं पीढ़ी का फोन था b) a machine could imitate a person’s answers well enough to pass a test; the name AI is tied later to Dartmouth 1956 and McCarthy — मशीन व्यक्ति के उत्तरों की नकल इतनी करे कि परीक्षा पार हो; नाम AI बाद में Dartmouth 1956 और McCarthy से बँधा c) Windows Control Panel was already AI — Windows Control Panel पहले से AI था d) a compiler was an expert system — compiler एक expert system था

Alan Turing (1950) asked whether a machine could imitate a person’s answers well enough to pass a test. The name AI is tied to the Dartmouth meeting, 1956, and John McCarthy. McCarthy’s wording is programs that behave as if they have intelligence. The 1980s brought expert systems and Japan’s fifth-generation project. Adding 8 and 32 on a lab PC is arithmetic, not AI.

Q. 95. Classroom history ties the name AI to —

कक्षा-इतिहास नाम AI को बाँधता है —

a) Babbage’s Analytical Engine as a fifth-generation phone — पाँचवीं पीढ़ी के फोन के रूप में Babbage का Analytical Engine b) MS-DOS as a first-generation language — पहली पीढ़ी की भाषा के रूप में MS-DOS c) the Dartmouth meeting, 1956, and McCarthy (Turing’s 1950 test sits just before); it is not “any fast lab PC” — Dartmouth बैठक, 1956, और McCarthy (ठीक पहले Turing की 1950 परीक्षा); “कोई भी तेज़ लैब PC” नहीं d) a search engine as the whole of AI — पूरी AI के रूप में सर्च इंजन

The name AI is tied to the Dartmouth meeting, 1956, and John McCarthy. McCarthy’s wording is programs that behave as if they have intelligence. Alan Turing (1950) asked whether a machine could imitate a person’s answers well enough to pass a test. The 1980s brought expert systems and Japan’s fifth-generation project. A lab PC adding 8 and 32 is arithmetic, not AI.

Q. 96. Rules taken from a human doctor and used for advice in the 1980s name —

मानव चिकित्सक से लिए नियम, 1980 के दशक में सलाह के लिए, नाम करते हैं —

a) 1GL binary listings of ENIAC only — केवल ENIAC की 1GL binary सूचियाँ b) HTML Frameset documents as the whole of AI — पूरी AI के रूप में HTML Frameset दस्तावेज़ c) MS-DOS as a first-generation language — पहली पीढ़ी की भाषा के रूप में MS-DOS d) expert systems, sitting in AI history beside Japan’s fifth-generation project — not any fast adder and not a COBOL compiler — expert systems, AI इतिहास में जापान की पाँचवीं-पीढ़ी परियोजना के साथ — कोई भी तेज़ योजक नहीं, COBOL compiler नहीं

An expert system uses rules taken from a human expert, used in medical or technical advice. It was a main AI application of the 1980s, beside Japan’s fifth-generation project. Turing (1950) and Dartmouth / McCarthy (1956) sit just before.

Q. 97. A machine that senses a lab bench and then acts, as an AI application, is —

AI अनुप्रयोग के रूप में वह मशीन जो लैब मेज़ सेंसर से जाने और फिर कर्म करे, है —

a) robotics; other named applications include natural language, computer vision, medical diagnosis support, games and maps that reroute — रोबोटिक्स; अन्य नामित अनुप्रयोग: प्राकृतिक भाषा, कंप्यूटर दृष्टि, चिकित्सा निदान सहयोग, खेल, मार्ग बदलता मानचित्र b) any fast adder — कोई भी तेज़ योजक c) a debit card — डेबिट कार्ड d) an analogue modem call — एनालॉग मॉडेम कॉल

Robotics as an AI application is a machine that senses and then acts. Other named applications include expert systems, natural language (machine translation, simple question-answering), computer vision, medical diagnosis support, games, maps that reroute, and a spam filter on e-mail. Opening an MGSU notice in a browser is not itself AI. Asking a voice tool to read that notice aloud is the daily face of the field.

Q. 98. A named disadvantage of AI, when a confident wrong mark-list appears, is —

AI की नामित हानि, जब आत्मविश्वास से गलत अंक-सूची दिखे, है —

a) it always has common sense with no teaching — बिना सिखाए सदैव सामान्य बुद्धि b) no untaught common sense; GIGO still applies; errors can look confident; privacy can shrink — a program does not carry ethics by itself — बिना सिखाई सामान्य बुद्धि नहीं; GIGO अभी; त्रुटि आत्मविश्वास से दिख सकती है; निजता सिकुड़ सकती है — प्रोग्राम स्वयं नीति नहीं लाता c) it cannot run at night — रात को नहीं चल सकता d) it replaces ethics automatically — नीति को अपने आप बदल देता है

Named disadvantages: the machine has no common sense unless we have encoded or taught it; garbage in, garbage out still applies; errors can look confident; cost of data and machines; jobs change; privacy can shrink (a vision system that reads faces is also a watch). A program does not carry ethics by itself. Named advantages sit beside those limits: speed on huge search, and the same advice at 2 a.m. as at noon.

Q. 99. A filter that parks junk mail before Anil opens the lab inbox is —

फ़िल्टर जो Anil के लैब इनबॉक्स खोलने से पहले कूड़ा मेल रोक दे, है —

a) first-generation vacuum-tube hardware — पहली पीढ़ी का vacuum-tube हार्डवेयर b) bus topology cabling — bus टोपोलॉजी की केबलिंग c) day-to-day AI (a spam filter); merely opening an MGSU notice in a browser is not itself AI — रोज़मर्रा AI (स्पैम फ़िल्टर); केवल ब्राउज़र में MGSU सूचना खोलना स्वयं AI नहीं d) only darkening OMR bubbles — केवल OMR बुलबुले गहरा करना

Day-to-day AI includes predictive text and auto-correct, voice assistants, maps that pick a road, spam filters, a shopping site that suggests another book, face unlock, captions on a video. Opening an MGSU notice in a browser is not itself AI. Asking a voice tool to read that notice aloud is the daily face of the field. The machine still has no feelings and no unprogrammed rule.

Q. 100. A named advantage of AI on a 2 a.m. lab query is —

रात दो बजे लैब प्रश्न पर AI का नामित लाभ है —

a) untaught common sense with no encoding — बिना कूटित सिखाई सामान्य बुद्धि b) GIGO no longer applies — GIGO अब लागू नहीं c) a program carries ethics by itself — प्रोग्राम स्वयं नीति लाता है d) speed on huge search, and the same advice at 2 a.m. as at noon (diligence); it can open a tool to people who cannot travel to a specialist — विशाल खोज पर गति, और रात दो बजे भी वही सलाह (diligence); जो विशेषज्ञ तक न जा सके उसे औज़ार

Named advantages: speed on huge search spaces; the same advice at 2 a.m. as at noon (diligence); watching more cameras or lab logs than one clerk; opening a tool to people who cannot travel to a specialist. Limits sit beside advantages: no untaught common sense; GIGO still applies; errors can look confident; cost; jobs change; privacy can shrink.

Q. 1. People who run the lab PC, sometimes called liveware, are —

जो लोग लैब PC चलाते हैं, कभी liveware कहे जाते हैं, वे हैं —

a) part of IT together with hardware, software, data and networks — not a fifth size-type of computer — हार्डवेयर, सॉफ्टवेयर, डेटा और नेटवर्क के साथ IT का भाग — कंप्यूटर का पाँचवाँ आकार-प्रकार नहीं b) a fifth generation of vacuum tubes — vacuum tubes की पाँचवीं पीढ़ी c) a 4GL such as SQL — SQL जैसी 4GL d) a WAN topology — WAN टोपोलॉजी

IT is built from named parts: hardware you can touch, software that tells it what to do, firmware in ROM at start-up, people (sometimes called liveware) who use the system, data that is processed, and a network that joins machines. People are not a size-type (micro, mini, mainframe, super) and not a generation of switches.

Q. 2. On a lab desktop, typing roll 2145, matching it in a file, showing Anil Sharma on screen, and keeping the file on disk name —

लैब डेस्कटॉप पर रोल 2145 टाइप, फ़ाइल में मिलान, स्क्रीन पर Anil Sharma, डिस्क पर फ़ाइल रखना नाम करते हैं —

a) only LAN, MAN and WAN — केवल LAN, MAN और WAN b) input, process, output and storage — the IPO cycle plus storage, with a stored program — निवेश, संसाधन, निर्गम और भंडारण — IPO चक्र प्लस भंडारण, संचित प्रोग्राम के साथ c) only Strict, Transitional and Frameset — केवल Strict, Transitional और Frameset d) only B2B and B2C — केवल B2B और B2C

A computer accepts data as input, processes it according to a stored program, gives information as output, and keeps data and instructions in storage. Classroom picture: type 2145 (input); the CPU matches it (process); the screen shows Anil Sharma (output); the hard disk keeps the file (storage).

Q. 3. Automation as a named computer characteristic means —

नामित विशेषता के रूप में स्वचालन का अर्थ है —

a) the CPU invents a new passing rule — CPU नया उत्तीर्ण नियम गढ़े b) RAM never needs power — RAM को बिजली कभी नहीं चाहिए c) once programmed, the machine follows the steps without a person repeating each one — प्रोग्राम के बाद मशीन चरण स्वयं चलाती है, व्यक्ति प्रत्येक चरण दोहराए बिना d) ethics is stored in the ALU — नीति ALU में संचित है

Automation means once programmed, the machine follows the steps without a person repeating each one. Speed, accuracy, diligence, versatility, storage and reliability sit on the same Sinha list. Limits sit beside them: no feelings, and no new rule that was never programmed.

Q. 4. Reliability as a named computer characteristic means —

नामित विशेषता के रूप में विश्वसनीयता का अर्थ है —

a) wrong rolls are silently corrected — गलत रोल चुपचाप सुधारे जाते हैं b) the machine has feelings that catch a lie — मशीन के भाव झूठ पकड़ते हैं c) reliability is a 4GL — विश्वसनीयता एक 4GL है d) electronic parts fail less often than a tired clerk; the same job can run all night — थके लिपिक से कम बार चूक; वही काम रात भर चल सकता है

Reliability means electronic parts fail less often than a tired clerk, and the same job can run all night. Diligence is that the machine does not tire after the hundredth OMR sheet. GIGO still applies: a wrong roll is processed at full speed.

Q. 5. First-generation input was typically —

पहली पीढ़ी का निवेश प्रायः था —

a) punched card or paper tape; output was print; the language was machine language (0 and 1) — पंच-कार्ड या पेपर टेप; निर्गम छपाई; भाषा मशीन भाषा (0 और 1) b) a GUI mouse on an IBM PC — IBM PC पर GUI माउस c) SQL naming the result more than the steps — परिणाम को चरणों से अधिक नाम करने वाला SQL d) an HTML frameset — HTML frameset

The first generation (about 1940–1956) uses the vacuum tube. Memory is magnetic drum or delay line. The language is machine language — only 0 and 1. Input is punched card or paper tape; output is print. ENIAC (1946) and UNIVAC I (1951) are the classroom names. The machine filled a room.

Q. 6. The second-generation switch, compared with a vacuum tube, is the transistor because transistors are —

vacuum tube की तुलना में दूसरी पीढ़ी का स्विच transistor इसलिए है क्योंकि ट्रांजिस्टर —

a) larger and hotter than tubes — ट्यूब से बड़े और गरम b) smaller, cooler and more reliable; memory is magnetic core; assembly and early FORTRAN/COBOL appear; batch is common — छोटे, ठंडे, अधिक विश्वसनीय; स्मृति चुंबकीय कोर; assembly और शुरुआती FORTRAN/COBOL; batch आम c) the same as a fifth-generation phone — पाँचवीं पीढ़ी के फोन के बराबर d) HTML markup tags — HTML मार्कअप टैग

The second generation (about 1956–1963) uses the transistor. Transistors are smaller, cooler and more reliable than tubes. Memory is magnetic core. Languages rise to assembly and the first high-level languages: FORTRAN and COBOL. Batch processing is the common way of work. IBM 1401 is a typical name.

Q. 7. Many transistors on one silicon chip, with keyboards and monitors becoming ordinary, name the —

एक सिलिकॉन चिप पर कई ट्रांजिस्टर, कीबोर्ड और मॉनिटर आम, नाम करते हैं —

a) first-generation vacuum tube only — केवल पहली पीढ़ी का vacuum tube b) only a smartphone camera — केवल स्मार्टफोन कैमरा c) third generation: the integrated circuit; operating systems, multiprogramming and time-sharing appear — तीसरी पीढ़ी: integrated circuit; ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम, multiprogramming और time-sharing आते हैं d) only magnetic tape as a pointing device — केवल संकेतक यंत्र के रूप में चुंबकीय टेप

The third generation (about 1964–1971) uses the integrated circuit: many transistors on one silicon chip. Keyboards and monitors become ordinary. Operating systems appear; multiprogramming and time-sharing let more than one program (and more than one user) share the CPU. IBM System/360 is the classroom mainframe.

Q. 8. The IBM PC (1981) is remembered with the fourth generation because it —

IBM PC (1981) चौथी पीढ़ी के साथ इसलिए याद है क्योंकि वह —

a) was ENIAC’s vacuum-tube room — ENIAC का vacuum-tube कमरा था b) was a 4GL such as SQL — SQL जैसी 4GL था c) was a WAN topology — WAN टोपोलॉजी था d) put a microcomputer on a desk; GUI, mouse and semiconductor RAM ride this microprocessor generation — माइक्रो कंप्यूटर डेस्क पर लाया; GUI, माउस और semiconductor RAM इसी microprocessor पीढ़ी पर हैं

The fourth generation takes its name from the microprocessor (Intel 4004, 1971), built with LSI then VLSI. Semiconductor RAM replaces core. The microcomputer and the IBM PC (1981) put a computer on a desk. GUI, mouse and local networks ride this generation. A new phone model of the same family is still fourth-generation hardware, not a new generation.

Q. 9. Babbage’s Analytical Engine, with the abacus and Pascal’s adder, sits as —

अबेकस और Pascal के योजक के साथ Babbage का Analytical Engine बैठता है —

a) an ancestor calculating aid, not one of the five electronic generations — पूर्वज गणना-सहायक, पाँच इलेक्ट्रॉनिक पीढ़ियों में से एक नहीं b) the first-generation vacuum-tube PC — पहली पीढ़ी का vacuum-tube PC c) a fifth-generation ULSI phone — पाँचवीं पीढ़ी का ULSI फोन d) fourth-generation microprocessor hardware — चौथी पीढ़ी का microprocessor हार्डवेयर

The five generations begin when the switch inside the machine becomes electronic. Before them sit only calculating aids — abacus, Pascal’s adder, Babbage’s Analytical Engine — ancestors, not the five generations. Analog versus digital is not the four size-types micro, mini, mainframe, super.

Q. 10. The CPU, as against the lab cabinet, is —

लैब कैबिनेट की तुलना में CPU है —

a) the metal box as a whole — पूरा धातु डिब्बा b) the processor chip (ALU + control unit + registers) that executes; the cabinet holds motherboard, RAM, disk and power — प्रोसेसर चिप (ALU + नियंत्रण इकाई + रजिस्टर) जो चलाती है; कैबिनेट में मदरबोर्ड, RAM, डिस्क, पावर हैं c) only the printer — केवल प्रिंटर d) only a leased line — केवल लीज्ड लाइन

The CPU is ALU + control unit + registers. It is the processor chip, not the metal cabinet that holds motherboard, RAM, disk and power. The ALU does arithmetic and logic. The control unit fetches, decodes and times; it does not itself add numbers. Storage holds; the monitor shows; the CPU executes.

Q. 11. The control bus carries —

Control bus ढोती है —

a) only the actual bytes of a character (that is the data bus) — केवल अक्षर की वास्तविक बाइट्स (वह data bus है) b) only the location of a cell (that is the address bus) — केवल कोशिका का स्थान (वह address bus है) c) commands and status: read, write, interrupt, clock — आदेश और स्थिति: पढ़ो, लिखो, interrupt, घड़ी d) only a star-topology token — केवल star टोपोलॉजी का टोकन

Three buses are named. The data bus carries the actual bytes (an instruction, a number, a character). The address bus carries the location: which memory cell or which device. The control bus carries commands and status: read, write, interrupt, clock. Width of the data bus is how many bits move together in one step.

Q. 12. The instruction register (IR) holds —

Instruction register (IR) रखता है —

a) only the overnight file on tape — केवल टेप पर रात भर की फ़ाइल b) only a debit-card PAN — केवल डेबिट-कार्ड PAN c) only an HTML title — केवल HTML title d) the instruction just fetched; the program counter holds the address of the next instruction — अभी लाया निर्देश; program counter अगले निर्देश का पता रखता है

Registers sit inside the CPU. The program counter (PC) holds the address of the next instruction. The instruction register (IR) holds the instruction just fetched. The accumulator holds data the ALU is working on. MAR holds the address being read or written. MDR/MBR holds the byte going to memory or coming from it. Registers are not RAM.

Q. 13. MAR (memory address register) holds —

MAR (memory address register) रखता है —

a) the address being read or written — वह पता जहाँ पढ़ना या लिखना है b) only the instruction just fetched (that is IR) — केवल अभी लाया निर्देश (वह IR है) c) only the next instruction’s address (that is the program counter) — केवल अगले निर्देश का पता (वह program counter है) d) only a frameset row — केवल frameset पंक्ति

MAR holds the address being read or written. MDR / MBR (memory data / buffer register) holds the byte going to memory or coming from it. The program counter holds the next instruction’s address. The instruction register holds the instruction just fetched. These are inside the CPU, not in RAM.

Q. 14. SRAM, as against DRAM, is used in cache because SRAM —

DRAM की तुलना में SRAM cache में इसलिए प्रयुक्त है क्योंकि SRAM —

a) stores each bit as leaking capacitor charge that must refresh (that is DRAM) — प्रत्येक bit को लीक होते capacitor चार्ज पर रखती है जिसे refresh चाहिए (वह DRAM है) b) uses flip-flops, needs no DRAM-style refresh, is faster and dearer — flip-flop चलाती है, DRAM जैसा refresh नहीं, तेज़ और महँगी c) is non-volatile Mask ROM — अवाष्पशील Mask ROM है d) is a WAN access method — WAN पहुँच विधि है

DRAM stores each bit as charge on a tiny capacitor and must refresh thousands of times a second; it is cheap main memory. SRAM uses flip-flops, needs no DRAM-style refresh, is faster and dearer, and is used in cache. Cache sits between the CPU and main RAM as small fast SRAM (L1 on chip, then L2, L3).

Q. 15. EEPROM is erased —

EEPROM मिटती है —

a) only by ultraviolet light through a quartz window (that is EPROM) — केवल क्वार्ट्ज खिड़की से UV से (वह EPROM है) b) only at the factory a second time as Mask ROM — केवल कारखाने में दूसरी बार Mask ROM की तरह c) electrically, without removing the chip or using ultraviolet light; flash is a form of EEPROM — विद्युत से, चिप निकाले या UV के बिना; flash EEPROM का रूप है d) by emptying RAM while power stays on — बिजली रहते RAM खाली कर

ROM is non-volatile. Mask ROM is factory-written and cannot be changed. PROM is programmed once. EPROM is erased by ultraviolet light through a quartz window. EEPROM is erased electrically, without removing the chip or using UV. Flash is a form of EEPROM used in BIOS chips and in pen drives. The pen drive itself is secondary storage; the flash technology is shared.

Q. 16. Mask ROM is —

Mask ROM है —

a) blank when bought and programmed once (that is PROM) — खरीदते खाली, एक बार प्रोग्राम (वह PROM है) b) erased by UV through a quartz window (that is EPROM) — क्वार्ट्ज खिड़की से UV से मिटती (वह EPROM है) c) volatile working store like RAM — RAM जैसा वाष्पशील कार्य-भंडार d) written at the factory and cannot be changed in ordinary use — कारखाने में लिखी, सामान्य उपयोग में बदली नहीं जा सकती

Mask ROM is written at the factory and cannot be changed. PROM is blank when bought and can be programmed once. EPROM has a quartz window for UV erase. EEPROM and flash are erased electrically. BIOS start-up code lives in ROM as firmware. RAM is volatile working store.

Q. 17. In the binary convention Sinha uses, 1024 bytes equal —

Sinha की द्विआधारी परिपाटी में 1024 byte बराबर हैं —

a) 1 KB; then 1024 KB = 1 MB, then GB, TB — a bit is 0 or 1, a nibble 4 bits, a byte 8 bits — 1 KB; फिर 1024 KB = 1 MB, फिर GB, TB — bit 0 या 1, nibble 4 bit, byte 8 bit b) a WAN covering a country — देश ढकने वाला WAN c) a frameset row — frameset पंक्ति d) one hexadecimal digit only, never a byte — केवल एक hexadecimal अंक, byte कभी नहीं

A bit is 0 or 1; a nibble is 4 bits; a byte is 8 bits (enough for one character in the older codes). In the binary convention Sinha uses, 1024 bytes = 1 KB; 1024 KB = 1 MB; then GB, TB. The disk keeps the file overnight; RAM holds the running copy. Four bits also make one hexadecimal digit.

Q. 18. A floppy disk is —

फ्लॉपी डिस्क है —

a) L1 cache on the CPU chip — CPU चिप पर L1 cache b) the older small magnetic disk (1.44 MB in the last common size); history in the lab, still named — पुरानी छोटी चुंबकीय डिस्क (अंतिम आम आकार 1.44 MB); लैब में इतिहास, नाम अभी c) a 3GL compiled like C — C जैसी कंपाइल 3GL d) a star-topology hub — star टोपोलॉजी का हब

Floppy disk is the older small magnetic disk (1.44 MB in the last common size); it is history in the lab. A hard disk stores bits on spinning platters with tracks, sectors and cylinders. An SSD uses flash chips with no spinning platter. Tape is sequential; disk and flash are direct access.

Q. 19. CD-ROM, CD-R and CD-RW differ because —

CD-ROM, CD-R और CD-RW अलग हैं क्योंकि —

a) all three are volatile RAM — तीनों वाष्पशील RAM हैं b) all three are first-generation vacuum tubes — तीनों पहली पीढ़ी के vacuum tubes हैं c) CD-ROM is read-only; CD-R is write-once; CD-RW is rewritable; all are optical disks read by laser — CD-ROM केवल-पढ़ने; CD-R एक बार लिखने; CD-RW फिर लिखने योग्य; तीनों लेज़र से पढ़ी ऑप्टिकल डिस्क d) all three are 4GL tools — तीनों 4GL औज़ार हैं

Optical disk: CD (about 700 MB), DVD (4.7 GB and up), Blu-ray (tens of GB) store bits as pits read by laser. CD-ROM is read-only; CD-R is write-once; CD-RW is rewritable. Useful for distributing a notes pack or a film; too slow and small to be the only disk of a modern PC. Secondary memory is non-volatile store cheaper per bit and slower than RAM.

Q. 20. Sequential access, as against direct access, means —

प्रत्यक्ष पहुँच की तुलना में क्रमिक पहुँच का अर्थ है —

a) the head jumps to a location without reading everything before it, on tape only — सिर बिना पहले सब पढ़े स्थान पर कूदे, केवल टेप पर b) RAM is sequential and tape is direct — RAM क्रमिक है और टेप प्रत्यक्ष c) a pointing device is sequential — संकेतक यंत्र क्रमिक है d) you pass records in order: to reach file 500 you read 1–499 first; magnetic tape is sequential, disk and flash are direct — रिकॉर्ड क्रम से: फ़ाइल 500 तक 1–499 पहले पढ़ो; चुंबकीय टेप क्रमिक है, डिस्क और flash प्रत्यक्ष

Sequential access means you pass records in order: to reach file 500 you read 1–499 first. Magnetic tape is sequential, cheap for bulk backup of a mainframe or college server. Direct access (also called random access on disk) means the head can go to a location without reading everything before it. Disk, flash and SSD are direct.

Q. 21. A barcode reader as input —

निवेश के रूप में बारकोड रीडर —

a) shines light on printed bars of a book or shop item and turns the pattern into a number — किताब या दुकान की छपी पट्टियों पर प्रकाश डालकर पैटर्न को संख्या बनाता है b) reads magnetic-ink cheque digits (that is MICR) — चेक के चुंबकीय-स्याही अंक पढ़ता है (वह MICR है) c) turns printed letters into editable text (that is OCR) — छपे अक्षरों को संपादन-योग्य पाठ बनाता है (वह OCR है) d) reads A/B/C/D bubbles (that is OMR) — A/B/C/D बुलबुले पढ़ता है (वह OMR है)

A barcode reader shines light on the printed bars of a book or a shop item and turns the pattern into a number. MICR reads magnetic-ink digits at the bottom of a bank cheque. OCR turns printed letters into editable text. OMR reads marks on a printed sheet — you darken A, B, C or D. All four are input devices, not printers.

Q. 22. MICR on a bank cheque reads —

बैंक चेक पर MICR पढ़ता है —

a) A/B/C/D bubbles on an OMR sheet — OMR शीट के A/B/C/D बुलबुले b) special magnetic-ink digits at the bottom of the cheque — चेक के नीचे विशेष चुंबकीय-स्याही अंक c) a laser page of Anil’s letter as editable text (that is OCR) — Anil के पत्र का लेज़र पृष्ठ संपादन-योग्य पाठ के रूप में (वह OCR है) d) printed shop bars as a barcode — दुकान की छपी पट्टियाँ बारकोड के रूप में

MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) reads the special magnetic-ink digits at the bottom of a bank cheque. OMR reads marks (bubbles). OCR turns printed letters into editable text. A barcode reader turns printed bars into a number. The three letter-names OCR, OMR and MICR must stay distinct.

Q. 23. OCR differs from OMR because OCR —

OCR, OMR से अलग है क्योंकि OCR —

a) reads only magnetic-ink cheque digits (that is MICR) — केवल चेक के चुंबकीय-स्याही अंक पढ़ता है (वह MICR है) b) is a laser printer — लेज़र प्रिंटर है c) turns printed letters into editable text; OMR reads marks such as darkened A/B/C/D bubbles — छपे अक्षरों को संपादन-योग्य पाठ बनाता है; OMR निशान पढ़ता है जैसे भरे A/B/C/D बुलबुले d) is a 4GL — 4GL है

OCR (Optical Character Recognition) turns printed letters into editable text — a scanned page of a notice, not a tick in a bubble. OMR (Optical Mark Recognition) reads marks on a printed sheet: you darken A, B, C or D and a machine scores the page. OMR is an input device that reads those marks.

Q. 24. Older lab monitors used CRT; current lab panels are typically —

पुरानी लैब के मॉनिटर CRT चलाते थे; वर्तमान लैब पैनल प्रायः हैं —

a) impact ribbon printers as the only screen — केवल स्क्रीन के रूप में impact रिबन प्रिंटर b) magnetic tape sequential stores — चुंबकीय टेप क्रमिक भंडार c) 1GL punched-card readers — 1GL पंच-कार्ड रीडर d) LCD or LED flat panels: thin, cooler, lower power; the monitor is still soft-copy output — LCD या LED सपाट पैनल: पतले, ठंडे, कम बिजली; मॉनिटर अभी सॉफ्ट-कॉपी निर्गम है

A monitor (VDU) is soft-copy output. Older labs used CRT (cathode-ray tube): a heavy glass tube, the picture drawn by an electron beam. Current labs use LCD or LED flat panels: thin, cooler, lower power. Soft copy vanishes when you switch off; hard copy is on paper from a printer.

Q. 25. A laser printer in the college office is typically a —

कॉलेज दफ्तर का लेज़र प्रिंटर प्रायः है —

a) non-impact page printer: it does not strike a ribbon; it composes a full page — non-impact पृष्ठ प्रिंटर: रिबन नहीं मारता; पूरा पृष्ठ जमा करता है b) impact character printer that must strike carbon copies only — impact अक्षर प्रिंटर जो केवल कार्बन प्रति मारे c) sequential magnetic tape — क्रमिक चुंबकीय टेप d) a pointing device — संकेतक यंत्र

Printers make hard copy. Impact printers (dot-matrix, daisy-wheel) strike the page through a ribbon and can print carbon copies. Non-impact printers (inkjet, laser) do not strike. A character printer prints one character; a line printer a whole line; a page printer (laser) composes a full page. Laser is common in an office; inkjet is cheaper to buy and dearer per page in ink.

Q. 26. A keyboard is input but not a pointing device because it —

कीबोर्ड निवेश है पर संकेतक नहीं क्योंकि वह —

a) is also a trackball — ट्रैकबॉल भी है b) types character codes; it does not move the pointer as its main job — अक्षर-कूट टाइप करता है; मुख्य काम सूचक चलाना नहीं c) is only an output printer — केवल निर्गम प्रिंटर है d) is only an output monitor — केवल निर्गम मॉनिटर है

A pointing device controls a pointer on the screen: mouse, trackball, touchpad, joystick, light pen, digitizing tablet, touch screen. A keyboard is input but not pointing: it types character codes. The common layout is QWERTY. The monitor shows the pointer; it does not point. The CPU and RAM are not pointing devices.

Q. 27. A trackball is —

ट्रैकबॉल है —

a) a laser page printer — लेज़र पृष्ठ प्रिंटर b) a 4GL — 4GL c) a mouse turned over: the ball stays in a fixed housing and the thumb rolls it — useful where desk space is short — उलटा माउस: गेंद स्थिर खोल में रहती है, अँगूठा घुमाता है — कम मेज़ पर d) a leased line — लीज्ड लाइन

A trackball is a mouse turned over: the ball stays in a fixed housing and the thumb rolls it. A touchpad is the flat pointing surface on a laptop. A mouse sits beside the keyboard; current lab mice are optical or laser. A joystick is a stick on a base for games and some lab controls.

Q. 28. A touchpad is —

टचपैड है —

a) a sequential tape drive — क्रमिक टेप ड्राइव b) an HTML document type — HTML दस्तावेज़-प्रकार c) a debit-card chip — डेबिट-कार्ड चिप d) the flat pointing surface on a laptop, used to move the pointer with a finger — लैपटॉप की चपटी संकेतक सतह, उँगली से सूचक चलाने को

A touchpad is the flat pointing surface on a laptop. Pointing devices also include mouse, trackball, joystick, light pen, digitizing tablet and touch screen. A keyboard is input but not pointing. A scanner is input but not pointing.

Q. 29. A touch screen is —

टच स्क्रीन है —

a) both a pointing device and a display: a finger or stylus on the glass is the pointer — संकेतक और डिस्प्ले दोनों: काँच पर उँगली या स्टाइलस ही सूचक b) output only, never input — केवल निर्गम, निवेश कभी नहीं c) a 1GL on punched cards — पंच-कार्ड पर 1GL d) a MAN covering a city — शहर ढकने वाला MAN

A touch screen is both a pointing device and a display: a finger or stylus on the glass is the pointer. Phones and many kiosks are touch-screen micros. A modem is also both input and output (digital bits to a telephone wave and back). The monitor alone shows the pointer; it does not point unless it is a touch screen.

Q. 30. A digitizing tablet with a stylus is for —

स्टाइलस वाली डिजिटाइज़िंग टैबलेट है —

a) compiling COBOL — COBOL कंपाइल करना b) drawing maps and diagrams as a pointing device — संकेतक यंत्र के रूप में मानचित्र और चित्र बनाना c) choosing Internet routes as a router — राउटर की तरह इंटरनेट के मार्ग चुनना d) erasing EPROM with ultraviolet light — UV से EPROM मिटाना

A digitizing tablet with a stylus is for drawing maps and diagrams. It is a pointing device, listed with mouse, trackball, touchpad, joystick, light pen and touch screen. It does not store the assignment overnight; the disk does. It only tells the CPU where the next point on the pad is.

Q. 31. 7₁₀ in binary is —

7₁₀ binary में है —

a) 10100₂ (that is 20₁₀) — 10100₂ (वह 20₁₀ है) b) 110000₂ (that is 48₁₀) — 110000₂ (वह 48₁₀ है) c) 111₂ — 111₂ d) 10000000₂ (that is 128₁₀) — 10000000₂ (वह 128₁₀ है)

Decimal 7 to binary: 7÷2 → 3 r1; 3÷2 → 1 r1; 1÷2 → 0 r1. Remainders from bottom to top give 111₂ (4+2+1=7). The same 7 is 7₈ and 7₁₆. 10100₂ is 20. 110000₂ is 48. 10000000₂ is 128.

Q. 32. 20₁₀ in binary is —

20₁₀ binary में है —

a) 111₂ (that is 7₁₀) — 111₂ (वह 7₁₀ है) b) 110000₂ (that is 48₁₀) — 110000₂ (वह 48₁₀ है) c) 10000000₂ (that is 128₁₀) — 10000000₂ (वह 128₁₀ है) d) 10100₂ — 10100₂

Decimal 20 to binary: 20÷2 → 10 r0; 10÷2 → 5 r0; 5÷2 → 2 r1; 2÷2 → 1 r0; 1÷2 → 0 r1. Remainders upward give 10100₂ (16+4=20). The same 20 is 24₈ (2×8+4) and 14₁₆ (1×16+4).

Q. 33. 48₁₀ in hexadecimal is —

48₁₀ hexadecimal में है —

a) 30₁₆ — 30₁₆ b) 14₁₆ (that is 20₁₀) — 14₁₆ (वह 20₁₀ है) c) 7₁₆ (that is 7₁₀) — 7₁₆ (वह 7₁₀ है) d) 80₁₆ (that is 128₁₀) — 80₁₆ (वह 128₁₀ है)

48÷16 → 3 remainder 0, so 30₁₆ (3×16+0=48). In binary 48 is 110000₂; grouped in fours from the right: 0011 0000 → 30₁₆. In octal 48 is 60₈ (6×8+0). 14₁₆ is 20. 80₁₆ is 128.

Q. 34. 128₁₀ in binary is —

128₁₀ binary में है —

a) 111₂ (that is 7₁₀) — 111₂ (वह 7₁₀ है) b) 10000000₂ — 10000000₂ c) 10100₂ (that is 20₁₀) — 10100₂ (वह 20₁₀ है) d) 110000₂ (that is 48₁₀) — 110000₂ (वह 48₁₀ है)

Decimal 128 is 2⁷, so in binary it is 1 followed by seven zeros: 10000000₂. The same 128 is 200₈ and 80₁₆. 111₂ is 7. 10100₂ is 20. 110000₂ is 48.

Q. 35. OR of inputs 0 and 0 gives —

निवेश 0 और 0 पर OR देता है —

a) 1, because AND of zeros is copied by OR — 1, क्योंकि शून्यों का AND, OR नकल करता है b) always 1 for any pair of zeros — शून्यों के किसी भी जोड़े पर सदैव 1 c) 0, because OR is 1 only if at least one input is 1 — 0, क्योंकि OR 1 तभी जब कम से कम एक निवेश 1 हो d) the same as NAND of 1 and 1, which is 1 — 1 और 1 के NAND के बराबर, जो 1 है

OR output is 1 if at least one input is 1. Output is 0 only when all inputs are 0. So OR(0,0) = 0. Example: the door alarm sounds if the window is open or the door is open. AND needs every input 1. NOR is OR followed by NOT, so NOR(0,0) = 1.

Q. 36. NOT on a single input 1 gives —

एक निवेश 1 पर NOT देता है —

a) 1, because NOT copies the input — 1, क्योंकि NOT निवेश की नकल है b) always 1 — सदैव 1 c) the same as XOR of two equal ones, which is 1 — दो समान 1 के XOR के बराबर, जो 1 है d) 0: the inverter gives the opposite (1 becomes 0, 0 becomes 1) — 0: इनवर्टर उलटा देता है (1 से 0, 0 से 1)

NOT (inverter) has one input. Output is the opposite: 1 becomes 0, 0 becomes 1. A bar over the name (Ā) marks NOT A. NAND is AND followed by NOT; NOR is OR followed by NOT. XOR of two equal inputs is 0, not 1.

Q. 37. XOR of inputs 0 and 0 gives —

निवेश 0 और 0 पर XOR देता है —

a) 0, because XOR is 1 only when the inputs differ — 0, क्योंकि XOR 1 तभी जब निवेश अलग हों b) 1, because XOR is 1 when inputs are the same — 1, क्योंकि XOR समान निवेश पर 1 है c) always 1 for zeros — शून्यों पर सदैव 1 d) the same as OR of 0 and 0, which is 1 — 0 और 0 के OR के बराबर, जो 1 है

XOR output is 1 when the inputs are different (01 or 10) and 0 when they are the same (00 or 11). So XOR(0,0) = 0. XNOR is the opposite: XNOR(0,0) = 1. OR(0,0) = 0, not 1.

Q. 38. NOR of inputs 1 and 1 gives —

निवेश 1 और 1 पर NOR देता है —

a) 1, because NOR is 1 when every input is 1 — 1, क्योंकि NOR तब 1 जब हर निवेश 1 हो b) 0, because NOR is OR followed by NOT, and OR(1,1) is 1 — 0, क्योंकि NOR = OR फिर NOT, और OR(1,1) = 1 c) always 1 for ones — एक पर सदैव 1 d) the same as AND of 1 and 1 copied without NOT — बिना NOT, 1 और 1 के AND की नकल

NOR is OR followed by NOT. OR(1,1) = 1, so NOR(1,1) = 0. NOR is 1 only when every input is 0. NAND is 0 only when every input is 1. NAND and NOR are universal gates: any other gate can be built from NAND alone, or from NOR alone.

Q. 39. A high-level language still needs a translator because —

उच्च-स्तरीय भाषा को अनुवादक इसलिए चाहिए क्योंकि —

a) HTML tags are already 1GL binary — HTML टैग पहले से 1GL binary हैं b) SQL is hardware generation four — SQL हार्डवेयर पीढ़ी चार है c) the CPU understands machine language (0 and 1); a compiler or interpreter turns the high-level text into that pattern, or runs it line by line — CPU मशीन भाषा (0 और 1) समझता है; compiler या interpreter उच्च-स्तरीय पाठ को उस पैटर्न में बदलता है, या पंक्ति-पंक्ति चलाता है d) a leased line compiles C — लीज्ड लाइन C कंपाइल करती है

Machine language (1GL) is binary in the exact pattern one CPU model understands; it needs no translator. High-level languages (3GL such as COBOL, FORTRAN, C, Pascal, Java) need a compiler or an interpreter. A compiler translates the whole program into machine code, then you run the result. An interpreter translates and runs line by line.

Q. 40. One assembly line still maps to about —

एक assembly पंक्ति अभी लगभग जितने मशीन निर्देश से मेल खाती है —

a) a whole 3GL program with no registers — बिना रजिस्टर पूरा 3GL प्रोग्राम b) an HTML website — HTML वेबसाइट c) a WAN of leased lines — लीज्ड लाइनों का WAN d) one machine instruction; the programmer must still know registers and memory — एक मशीन निर्देश; प्रोग्रामर को रजिस्टर और स्मृति अभी जाननी पड़ती है

Assembly language (2GL) replaces raw bits with mnemonics such as ADD, SUB, MOV, JMP. An assembler translates it into machine language. One assembly line still maps to about one machine instruction. The programmer must still know registers and memory. A 3GL writes how in larger steps; a compiler or interpreter handles the mapping.

Q. 41. A compiler’s classroom contrast with an interpreter is that the compiler —

Interpreter से compiler का कक्षा-अंतर यह है कि compiler —

a) translates the whole high-level program into machine code first; it can find many errors before the program runs — पूरे उच्च-स्तरीय प्रोग्राम को पहले मशीन कोड में बदलता है; चलने से पहले कई त्रुटियाँ ढूँढ़ सकता है b) translates and runs line by line and stops at the first error while running (that is an interpreter) — पंक्ति-पंक्ति अनुवाद कर चलाता है और चलते पहली त्रुटि पर रुकता है (वह interpreter है) c) is an assembler for 1GL only — केवल 1GL का assembler है d) never finds errors before the program runs — चलने से पहले त्रुटियाँ कभी नहीं ढूँढ़ता

A compiler translates the whole high-level program into machine code, then you run the result; it can find many errors before the program runs. An interpreter translates and runs line by line (classic BASIC) and stops at the first error it meets while running. An assembler translates assembly (2GL) into machine language.

Q. 42. A 4GL such as a report generator sits closer to —

रिपोर्ट जनरेटर जैसी 4GL निकट बैठती है —

a) binary 0 and 1 with no translator — बिना अनुवादक binary 0 और 1 b) what: you name the result more than the steps; a 3GL writes how step by step — क्या: परिणाम को चरणों से अधिक नाम; 3GL कैसे, चरण-चरण लिखता है c) HTML frameset rows only — केवल HTML frameset पंक्तियाँ d) star topology only — केवल star टोपोलॉजी

A 3GL is a classic high-level procedural language: you write how — COBOL, FORTRAN, C, Pascal, Java. A 4GL sits closer to what: SQL, report generators, form tools. 4GL is not “the language of a fourth-generation PC”; a PC can run 3GL. The generation-number of the language is not the generation-number of the hardware.

Q. 43. Digit 8 cannot appear in a pure —

अंक 8 शुद्ध रूप में नहीं आ सकता —

a) decimal number — decimal संख्या b) hexadecimal number, where A–F are forbidden — hexadecimal संख्या, जहाँ A–F मना हैं c) octal number (digits 0–7 only); digit 2 cannot appear in a pure binary number — octal संख्या (अंक केवल 0–7); शुद्ध binary में अंक 2 नहीं आ सकता d) byte of eight bits — आठ bit की byte

Octal has base 8 and digits 0–7; digit 8 cannot appear in a pure octal number. Binary uses only 0 and 1; digit 2 cannot appear in a pure binary number. Hexadecimal uses 0–9 and A–F. Decimal uses 0–9. Binary to octal groups bits in threes from the right.

Q. 44. Time sharing on a mini or mainframe with many terminals means —

कई टर्मिनलों वाले mini या mainframe पर time sharing का अर्थ है —

a) one person at one lab keyboard with two windows open (that is single-user multitasking) — एक लैब कीबोर्ड पर एक व्यक्ति, दो खिड़कियाँ खुली (वह single-user multitasking है) b) jobs in a pile with no talk while they run (that is batch) — कामों का ढेर, चलते बात नहीं (वह batch है) c) more than one CPU working together (that is multiprocessing) — एक से अधिक CPU साथ काम (वह multiprocessing है) d) many users share one CPU by short time slices, round and round, so each feels the machine is theirs — कई उपयोगकर्ता एक CPU को छोटे समय-टुकड़ों में बाँटें, चक्कर, ताकि प्रत्येक को लगे मशीन उसकी है

Time sharing means many users (or many programs) share one CPU by short time slices, round and round, so each user feels the machine is theirs. A minicomputer or mainframe with many terminals is the picture. Windows on one desk with two windows open is multitasking for one user, not time sharing of many logged-in persons.

Q. 45. Notepad and Paint, in Rapidex, are the tiny applications used to show —

Rapidex में Notepad और Paint वे छोटे अनुप्रयोग हैं जो दिखाएँ —

a) open, type, save on Windows — they are not the Internet and not HTML — Windows पर खोलो, टाइप, सहेजो — वे इंटरनेट नहीं, HTML नहीं b) a 1GL assembler only — केवल 1GL assembler c) a gateway between unlike mail systems — उलटी मेल-प्रणालियों के बीच गेटवे d) a supercomputer at C-DAC — C-DAC का supercomputer

Notepad and Paint are the tiny applications Rapidex uses to show “open, type, save.” After log-in you see the desktop, taskbar and Start; Explorer shows files and folders; Control Panel changes date, display, printer and mouse. Windows is not the Internet and not HTML. DOS is the older CUI operating system.

Q. 46. After you log in to Windows you first see the —

Windows में लॉग इन के बाद पहले दिखता है —

a) BIOS firmware listing only — केवल BIOS firmware सूची b) desktop: icons stand for a program, a file or a folder; a window is a framed rectangle for one program — डेस्कटॉप: आइकन प्रोग्राम, फ़ाइल या फ़ोल्डर के चित्र; विंडो एक प्रोग्राम का चौखटा c) a punched-card batch pile — पंच-कार्ड batch का ढेर d) a fifth-generation vacuum tube — पाँचवीं पीढ़ी का vacuum tube

After you log in you see the desktop. Icons are small pictures that stand for a program, a file or a folder. A window is a framed rectangle for one program: title bar, minimise, maximise/restore and close. The taskbar usually sits at the bottom: Start button, running programs, clock. You work with WIMP: windows, icons, menus, pointer.

Q. 47. The Windows taskbar usually sits —

Windows टास्कबार प्रायः बैठता है —

a) only inside Mask ROM — केवल Mask ROM के अंदर b) only as a WAN leased line — केवल WAN लीज्ड लाइन के रूप में c) at the bottom: Start button, running programs, clock; Start opens programs, settings and shut down — नीचे: Start बटन, चलते प्रोग्राम, घड़ी; Start प्रोग्राम, सेटिंग, बंद करना खोलता है d) only as NAND output — केवल NAND निर्गम के रूप में

The taskbar usually sits at the bottom: Start button, running programs, clock. Start opens the list of programs, settings and shut down. Shut down through Start so that files in RAM are written back to disk, because RAM is volatile. Explorer shows the tree of files and folders.

Q. 48. Bcc on an e-mail, as against Cc, —

Cc की तुलना में ई-मेल पर Bcc —

a) is the only way to attach a file — फ़ाइल जोड़ने का एकमात्र तरीका है b) is a URL — URL है c) is a 3GL compiler switch — 3GL compiler स्विच है d) sends a copy the other To/Cc names do not see; Cc sends a visible copy — वह प्रति भेजता है जिसे दूसरे To/Cc नाम नहीं देखते; Cc दिखती प्रति भेजता है

To is the main recipient; Cc (carbon copy) sends a visible copy; Bcc (blind carbon copy) sends a copy the other To/Cc names do not see. An attachment is a file that rides with the message. SMTP sends mail; POP or IMAP fetches it to a PC. E-mail is not the WWW.

Q. 49. A search engine finds other pages by —

सर्च इंजन दूसरे पृष्ठ ढूँढ़ता है —

a) crawling pages, indexing words, and ranking results; it is used through a browser, it is not itself the browser — पृष्ठ रेंगना, शब्द सूचीबद्ध करना, क्रम देना; ब्राउज़र के भीतर चलता है, स्वयं ब्राउज़र नहीं b) being the Internet as a whole — पूरा इंटरनेट होना c) compiling COBOL — COBOL कंपाइल करना d) erasing EPROM — EPROM मिटाना

A search engine is a website that helps you find other pages. You type words; the engine returns a list of links. It works by crawling pages, indexing words, and ranking results. Google, Bing and Yahoo are the names students meet. A web browser is the window that requests a URL and draws HTML. The search engine is used through the browser.

Q. 50. A static HTML page is —

Static HTML पृष्ठ है —

a) always a 3GL compiled like C — सदैव C जैसी कंपाइल 3GL b) the same HTML file every visitor receives; a dynamic page is built on the server when asked — हर आगंतुक को वही HTML फ़ाइल; dynamic पृष्ठ माँग पर सर्वर बनाता है c) always POST form data — सदैव POST फॉर्म डेटा d) always a leased line — सदैव लीज्ड लाइन

A static page is the same HTML file every visitor receives; a dynamic page is built on the server when asked. HTML 4 document types include Strict (clean structure), Transitional (older tags still allowed) and Frameset. Markup tells the browser how to show the page; it is not a 3GL the CPU compiles like C.

Q. 51. cellpadding on an HTML table names —

HTML टेबल पर cellpadding नाम करता है —

a) a GET password in the address bar — address bar में GET पासवर्ड b) BIOS firmware — BIOS firmware c) space inside a cell between the border and the text; cellspacing is space between cells; border draws the grid — सीमा और पाठ के बीच कोशिका के अंदर जगह; cellspacing कोशिकाओं के बीच जगह; border जाल खींचता है d) a debit-card PAN — डेबिट-कार्ड PAN

A table is wrapped in table. tr is a row; th a header cell; td a data cell. Named attributes: border, cellpadding, cellspacing, align, width. A two-column lab table can list Roll / Name, then 2145 / Anil Sharma. cellpadding is space inside a cell; cellspacing is space between cells.

Q. 52. On a form, radio buttons differ from checkboxes because radio buttons —

फॉर्म पर radio बटन checkbox से अलग हैं क्योंकि radio —

a) always send GET data in the title bar — सदैव title bar में GET डेटा भेजते हैं b) are CSS document types — CSS दस्तावेज़-प्रकार हैं c) are LAN cables — LAN केबल हैं d) choose one of a set (A/B/C/D on a mock OMR); a checkbox allows more than one tick — समूह में से एक चुनते हैं (मॉक OMR पर A/B/C/D); checkbox एक से अधिक निशान चलने दे

Form controls include input type text, password, radio (one of a set: A/B/C/D on a mock OMR), checkbox (more than one tick), submit, reset, textarea and select with option. GET appends data to the URL; POST sends data in the body — the usual choice for a password.

Q. 53. An inline style sheet is —

Inline स्टाइल शीट है —

a) a style attribute on one tag; internal is a style block in the head; external is a.css file linked from many pages — एक टैग पर style गुण; internal head में style ब्लॉक; external कई पृष्ठों से जुड़ी.css फ़ाइल b) a POST form body — POST फॉर्म का शरीर c) a frameset col width only — केवल frameset की col चौड़ाई d) a hexadecimal base — hexadecimal आधार

Style sheets separate look from HTML structure. Three places: inline — a style attribute on one tag; internal — a style block in the head for that page; external — a.css file linked from many pages so the whole lab site shares colour and font. HTML says this is a heading; the style sheet says the heading is blue.

Q. 54. Character formatting tags such as <b>, <i> and <u> name —

<b>, <i> और <u> जैसे अक्षर-रूप टैग नाम करते हैं —

a) only table rows — केवल टेबल पंक्तियाँ b) bold, italic and underline; <sup> is superscript and <sub> is subscript — मोटा, तिरछा और रेखांकित; <sup> ऊपरी और <sub> निचला c) only frameset panes — केवल frameset फलक d) only GET and POST — केवल GET और POST

Type and character formatting: headings h1 to h6; paragraph p; line break br. Character: b bold, i italic, u underline, sup superscript, sub subscript. Some elements are empty: br, hr, img. Style sheets can set look after these tags; the tags still work.

Q. 55. A WAN typically uses hired long-distance links such as —

WAN प्रायः किराए के दूर-लिंक चलाता है जैसे —

a) only a lab mouse cable — केवल लैब माउस केबल b) only L1 cache — केवल L1 cache c) leased lines, ISDN, later the public Internet — not only cables the college laid inside one room — लीज्ड लाइन, ISDN, बाद में सार्वजनिक इंटरनेट — केवल वे तार नहीं जो कॉलेज ने एक कमरे में बिछाए d) only Mask ROM — केवल Mask ROM

A WAN is large, even global. It typically uses hired links — leased lines, ISDN, later the public Internet — rather than cables the college itself laid inside one room. Speed is often lower than a LAN. A LAN is one lab or building; a MAN covers a city. The Internet is a WAN.

Q. 56. On a bus, a break in the one shared backbone means —

Bus पर एक साझा रीढ़ के टूटने का अर्थ है —

a) each star cable still reaches the hub as if nothing broke — star की प्रत्येक केबल हब तक ऐसे पहुँचे जैसे कुछ न टूटा b) every mesh pair still has a spare link by definition of bus — bus की परिभाषा से हर mesh जोड़े काspare लिंक हो c) HTML frameset rows repair the cable — HTML frameset पंक्तियाँ केबल सुधारें d) the whole bus is silent; only one station should speak at a time or packets collide — पूरा bus चुप; एक समय एक स्टेशन बोले नहीं तो पैकेट टकराएँ

Bus topology uses one shared backbone cable; every station taps it. If that backbone breaks, the whole bus is silent. Only one station should speak at a time or packets collide. Star gives each station its own cable to a hub or switch. Ring joins two neighbours in a loop.

Q. 57. Star topology joins each station by its own cable to —

Star टोपोलॉजी प्रत्येक स्टेशन को अपनी केबल से जोड़ती है —

a) a central hub or switch — केंद्रीय हब या स्विच तक b) every other station as full mesh only — केवल पूर्ण mesh की तरह हर दूसरे स्टेशन तक c) only two neighbours in a loop (that is ring) — केवल लूप में दो निकट स्टेशन (वह ring है) d) a shared backbone only (that is bus) — केवल साझा रीढ़ (वह bus है)

In star topology each station has its own cable to a central hub or switch. A hub repeats every incoming bit to every port; a switch forwards a frame only toward the destination port. A modern college lab is almost always a star around a switch, not a hub.

Q. 58. Full mesh is very reliable and expensive because —

पूर्ण mesh बहुत विश्वसनीय और महँगा इसलिए है क्योंकि —

a) one shared backbone serves all (that is bus) — एक साझा रीढ़ सबको मिले (वह bus है) b) every pair of stations has a link — used where a WAN must not fail; partial mesh uses fewer extra links — हर जोड़े का लिंक है — जहाँ WAN टूटे नहीं; आंशिक mesh कम अतिरिक्त कड़ियाँ चलाता है c) each station joins only a hub (that is star) — प्रत्येक स्टेशन केवल हब से जुड़े (वह star है) d) each station joins only two neighbours (that is ring) — प्रत्येक स्टेशन केवल दो निकट स्टेशनों से जुड़े (वह ring है)

Mesh: many stations link to many others. Full mesh means every pair has a link — very reliable, very expensive, used where a WAN must not fail. Partial mesh is fewer extra links. If one link fails, other paths still run.

Q. 59. A second ring is built on some rings so that —

कुछ रिंग पर दूसरी रिंग इसलिए बनती है ताकि —

a) HTML title sits in the head — HTML title head में बैठे b) Mask ROM is rewritten — Mask ROM फिर लिखी जाए c) a single break does not stop the ring; a token or a turn to speak still has a backup path — एक टूट रिंग न रोके; टोकन या बोलने की बारी को बैकअप मार्ग मिले d) a debit card is charged — डेबिट कार्ड से शुल्क कटे

Ring topology: each station joins two neighbours in a loop. A token or a turn to speak travels the ring. A single break can stop the ring unless a second ring is built for backup. Star and switch are the usual lab picture; ring is the loop picture.

Q. 60. A modem is both input and output because it —

मॉडेम निवेश और निर्गम दोनों इसलिए है क्योंकि वह —

a) only chooses Internet routes as a router does — केवल राउटर की तरह इंटरनेट के मार्ग चुनता है b) only splits an HTML window into frames — केवल HTML खिड़की फ्रेम में बाँटता है c) only joins two same-protocol LAN segments as a bridge — केवल ब्रिज की तरह दो समान LAN खंड जोड़ता है d) turns digital bits into a telephone wave and back again — डिजिटल bit को टेलीफोन तरंग में बदलता है और वापस

A modem (modulator–demodulator) turns the computer’s digital bits into a wave a telephone line can carry, and back again. Dial-up Internet used a modem on a phone line. It is both input and output. A modem does not choose Internet routes; a router does. A touch screen is the other named device that is both input and output in the I/O set.

Q. 61. On a leased line you do not dial each time because it is —

लीज्ड लाइन पर हर बार डायल नहीं क्योंकि वह है —

a) a dedicated always-on circuit rented between two points for exclusive use; cost is for the line, not per call — दो बिंदुओं के बीच समर्पित हमेशा-चालू सर्किट, केवल अपने लिए किराए पर; लागत लाइन की, कॉल की नहीं b) a circuit billed only per minute like a short analogue call — केवल मिनट-भाड़े वाला छोटा एनालॉग कॉल जैसा सर्किट c) a LAN cable inside one lab room — एक लैब कमरे के अंदर LAN केबल d) an HTML style sheet — HTML स्टाइल शीट

A leased line is a dedicated circuit the organisation rents for exclusive, always-on use between two points — Bikaner campus to a city data centre, or a bank branch to the mainframe. You do not dial each time. Cost is for the line, not per call. WANs of railways and universities often sit on leased lines. ISDN is a digital telephone-network service on the same subscriber line as voice.

Q. 62. Teleconferencing can run with voice alone; it becomes videoconferencing when —

टेलीकॉन्फ्रेंसिंग केवल आवाज़ से चल सकती है; वीडियोकॉन्फ्रेंसिंग तब बनती है जब —

a) the meeting never uses a network — बैठक नेटवर्क कभी न चलाए b) live pictures are added: camera, microphone, speakers or headphones, and enough bandwidth — जीवंत चित्र जुड़ें: कैमरा, माइक्रोफोन, स्पीकर या हेडफोन, और पर्याप्त बैंडविड्थ c) it is named as a fifth type of LAN/MAN/WAN — LAN/MAN/WAN का पाँचवाँ प्रकार नाम हो d) audio is forbidden — ऑडियो मना हो

Teleconferencing is a meeting over a telecommunications link so that people in more than one place take part at the same time; voice is the minimum. Videoconferencing is that meeting plus live pictures. Both are applications of networks, not a fifth type of LAN/MAN/WAN.

Q. 63. A credit card, as a named electronic payment form, means —

नामित इलेक्ट्रॉनिक भुगतान रूप के रूप में क्रेडिट कार्ड का अर्थ है —

a) only OMR bubbles — केवल OMR बुलबुले b) only cash across a lab counter — केवल लैब काउंटर पर नकदी c) pay later: the bank lends; a debit card pays now from the account — बाद में चुकाना: बैंक उधार देता है; डेबिट कार्ड खाते से अभी चुकाता है d) only ROM chips — केवल ROM चिप

An electronic payment system is any accepted way to pay without handing cash across a counter. Credit card: pay later, the bank lends. Debit card: pay now from the account. Smart card: a chip that holds value or identity. Also named: electronic cheque, and e-cash / stored-value wallet. Paying an exam fee online is a payment; darkening OMR bubbles is not.

Q. 64. EDI documents in an agreed format include —

सहमत प्रारूप में EDI दस्तावेज़ों में हैं —

a) only a student buying one Rapidex on a website (that is B2C) — केवल वेबसाइट पर एक Rapidex की विद्यार्थी खरीदारी (वह B2C है) b) only C2C used-book sale — केवल C2C पुरानी किताब c) only G2C result check — केवल G2C परिणाम देखना d) purchase order, invoice, despatch note — computer to computer, without retyping paper at each end — खरीद आदेश, बिल, प्रेषण — कंप्यूटर से कंप्यूटर, हर छोर पर कागज़ दोबारा टाइप किए बिना

EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) is the computer-to-computer exchange of standard business documents — purchase order, invoice, despatch note — in an agreed format, without retyping on paper at each end. It is older than a shopping website; it is a B2B link. EFT on EDI networks moves money as a message when the EDI invoice matches.

Q. 65. Growth of e-commerce came as —

ई-कॉमर्स की वृद्धि तब आई जब —

a) PCs, Internet links and cards became common, and people trusted a purchase they could not touch — PC, इंटरनेट लिंक और कार्ड आम हुए, और बिना छुए खरीद पर विश्वास बढ़ा b) vacuum tubes replaced HTML — vacuum tubes ने HTML की जगह ली c) OMR bubbles stored ROM — OMR बुलबुलों ने ROM रखा d) a leased line became a 3GL — लीज्ड लाइन 3GL बनी

E-commerce is buying and selling using computers and networks. Benefits: the shop is open all hours; a student in Bikaner can buy from another city; choice is wider; some prices fall because the shop-front is a server. Growth came as PCs, Internet links and cards became common. Limits sit beside growth: you cannot feel the cloth; delivery takes time; the link and the payment must be trusted.

Q. 66. A named limit beside e-commerce growth is —

ई-कॉमर्स की वृद्धि के साथ नामित सीमा है —

a) the shop can never open after noon — दुकान दोपहर बाद कभी न खुले b) you cannot feel the cloth; delivery takes time; the link and the payment must be trusted — कपड़ा नहीं छूते; डिलीवरी समय लेती है; लिंक और भुगतान पर विश्वास चाहिए c) Bikaner can never buy from another city — बीकानेर दूसरे शहर से कभी न खरीदे d) a server shop-front always raises every price — सर्वर-दुकान हर दाम सदैव बढ़ाए

Limits sit beside growth: you cannot feel the cloth; delivery takes time; the link and the payment must be trusted. Benefits still stand: all-hours shop, wider choice, some prices fall because the shop-front is a server, not a rent on the market.

Q. 67. “Do not use a computer to harm” in computer ethics means —

कंप्यूटर नीति में “हानि मत करो” का अर्थ है —

a) harm is allowed on ROM chips only — केवल ROM चिप पर हानि चलती है b) harm is a 4GL — हानि एक 4GL है c) do not harm other people or their work with a computer, a network or data — कंप्यूटर, नेटवर्क या डेटा से दूसरे व्यक्ति या उसके काम को हानि मत पहुँचाओ d) speed as a characteristic is harm — विशेषता के रूप में गति हानि है

Computer ethics is the set of principles that say what is right and wrong when you use a computer, a network or data. A short list is: do not use a computer to harm; do not snoop; do not steal time, bandwidth, software or data; do not bear false witness; respect property including programs and writing; think about the social effect of what you publish. The machine is fast and has no feelings, so a person must bring the rule.

Q. 68. “Do not bear false witness with a computer” names acts such as —

“कंप्यूटर से झूठी गवाही मत दो” ऐसे काम नाम करता है जैसे —

a) buying Rapidex from a shop — दुकान से Rapidex खरीदना b) writing your own HTML page — अपना HTML पृष्ठ लिखना c) shutting down Windows through Start — Start से Windows बंद करना d) a forged mark-sheet, a fake notice in Anil’s name, a rumour mailed as fact — जाली अंक-पत्र, Anil के नाम पर नकली सूचना, अफवाह को तथ्य बनाकर मेल

Do not bear false witness with a computer: a forged mark-sheet, a fake notice in Anil’s name, a rumour mailed as fact. Ethics is the ought; cyber law is the must, with a court. Accuracy in PAPA says a wrong print-out is not “the computer’s opinion.”

Q. 69. “Do not steal” in the ethics list includes —

नीति-सूची में “चोरी मत करो” में है —

a) time, bandwidth, software or data — piracy is the named legal form later — समय, बैंडविड्थ, सॉफ्टवेयर या डेटा — पाइरेसी बाद का नामित कानूनी रूप है b) only a college building — केवल कॉलेज भवन c) only RAM chips while power is on — केवल बिजली रहते RAM चिप d) only bus topology — केवल bus टोपोलॉजी

Do not steal time, bandwidth, software or data. Software piracy is the named legal form: unauthorised copying, use, distribution or sale of a program. Softlifting is using a single-user copy on many machines; counterfeiting is fake boxes; internet piracy is upload or download of paid software.

Q. 70. Counterfeiting as a named form of software piracy is —

सॉफ्टवेयर पाइरेसी के नामित रूप के रूप में नकली डिब्बे हैं —

a) buying Rapidex from a shop with a bill — बिल के साथ दुकान से Rapidex खरीदना b) fake boxes of a program sold as if they were licensed copies — प्रोग्राम के नकली डिब्बे, जैसे लाइसेंस वाली प्रति हों c) writing your own HTML page — अपना HTML पृष्ठ लिखना d) emptying Recycle Bin after you delete your own file — अपनी फ़ाइल मिटाने के बाद Recycle Bin खाली करना

Software piracy includes softlifting (one licensed copy on many machines without permission), counterfeiting (fake boxes), and internet piracy (upload or download of paid software). A pirated copy can also carry a virus. Ethics said do not steal programs; the Act and copyright law give that theft a court.

Q. 71. Internet piracy as a named form is —

नामित रूप के रूप में इंटरनेट पाइरेसी है —

a) checking a university result on a G2C site — G2C साइट पर विश्वविद्यालय परिणाम देखना b) sending Bcc on a genuine college mail — असली कॉलेज मेल पर Bcc भेजना c) upload or download of paid software without a licence — बिना लाइसेंस चुकाए सॉफ्टवेयर का अपलोड या डाउनलोड d) opening Explorer to rename a folder — फ़ोल्डर का नाम बदलने Explorer खोलना

Internet piracy is upload or download of paid software without a licence. Softlifting is using a single-user copy on many machines. Counterfeiting is fake boxes. Installing one licensed Rapidex on every lab PC without the licence that allows it is also piracy.

Q. 72. Offences named with the IT Act include —

IT Act से नामित अपराधों में हैं —

a) only emptying Recycle Bin of your own file — केवल अपनी फ़ाइल का Recycle Bin खाली करना b) only using a non-scientific calculator in the exam — केवल परीक्षा में गैर-वैज्ञानिक कैलकुलेटर चलाना c) only drawing an HTML table of roll and name — केवल रोल और नाम की HTML टेबल खींचना d) unauthorised access and damage to a computer or network, spreading a virus or other contaminant, dishonestly hiding or changing source code, identity-related cheating — कंप्यूटर या नेटवर्क पर बिना अधिकार पहुँच और हानि, वायरस या अन्य संदूषक फैलाना, बेईमानी से सोर्स कोड छिपाना या बदलना, पहचान से जुड़ी ठगी

Offences named with the Act include unauthorised access and damage to a computer or network, spreading a virus or other contaminant, dishonestly hiding or changing source code, publishing certain kinds of obscene electronic material, and identity-related cheating. Punishment is fine and/or imprisonment as the sections state. The lab PC is not outside the law. The Act came into force on 17 October 2000; a 2008 amendment added and tightened several offences.

Q. 73. Computer ethics is —

कंप्यूटर नीति है —

a) the human rule for the tools of hardware, software, networks and data — हार्डवेयर, सॉफ्टवेयर, नेटवर्क और डेटा के औज़ारों के लिए मानव नियम b) a fifth generation of hardware — हार्डवेयर की पाँचवीं पीढ़ी c) the IT Act’s prison term by itself — केवल IT Act की कारावास अवधि d) NAND output of two ones — दो एक का NAND निर्गम

Computer ethics is the set of principles that say what is right and wrong when you use a computer, a network or data. Cyber law is the must, with a court. E-governance and e-payment sit on this legal floor: without recognition of electronic records, an online result or an EFT message would not count.

Q. 74. The classroom duty on child abuse named with the IT Act, without describing the content, is —

सामग्री का वर्णन किए बिना, IT Act के साथ नामित बाल शोषण पर कक्षा-कर्तव्य है —

a) create, keep or share such files only on a lab PC — ऐसी फ़ाइलें केवल लैब PC पर बनाओ, रखो या बाँटो b) do not create, keep, share or seek such files; report through the college or the police if they appear on a lab PC — ऐसी फ़ाइलें न बनाओ, न रखो, न बाँटो, न ढूँढ़ो; लैब PC पर दिखें तो कॉलेज या पुलिस से रिपोर्ट करो c) describe the content in an assignment — असाइनमेंट में सामग्री का वर्णन करो d) treat it as a Windows desktop icon — इसे Windows डेस्कटॉप आइकन मानो

The IT Act (sharpened by the 2008 amendment) names using a computer or network to harm a child in this way as an offence. The duty is: do not create, keep, share or seek such files; report through the college or the police if they appear on a lab PC.

Q. 75. Computer vision as an AI application —

AI अनुप्रयोग के रूप में कंप्यूटर दृष्टि —

a) is only a debit card — केवल डेबिट कार्ड b) is only an analogue modem call — केवल एनालॉग मॉडेम कॉल c) includes reading scenes and faces; reading an OMR sheet is optical mark recognition — related, not the whole of vision — दृश्य और चेहरे पढ़ना; OMR शीट पढ़ना optical mark recognition है — संबंधित, पूरी दृष्टि नहीं d) is only NAND of two zeros — केवल दो शून्य का NAND

AI applications include expert systems; robotics (a machine that senses and acts); natural language (machine translation, simple question-answering); computer vision; medical diagnosis support; games; teaching drills that adapt to a wrong answer; a bank that flags a strange payment; a map that reroutes; a spam filter. OMR from the I/O lesson is related to vision, not the whole of it.

Q. 76. Medical diagnosis support, games, and drills that adapt to a wrong answer are named as —

चिकित्सा निदान सहयोग, खेल, और गलत उत्तर के अनुसार ढलते अभ्यास नामित हैं —

a) only first-generation vacuum-tube rooms — केवल पहली पीढ़ी के vacuum-tube कक्ष b) only HTML Frameset document types — केवल HTML Frameset दस्तावेज़-प्रकार c) only star-topology hubs — केवल star टोपोलॉजी के हब d) AI applications, beside expert systems, robotics, natural language and computer vision — AI अनुप्रयोग, expert systems, रोबोटिक्स, प्राकृतिक भाषा और कंप्यूटर दृष्टि के साथ

Applications of AI include expert systems, robotics, natural language, computer vision, medical diagnosis support, games, and teaching drills that adapt to a student’s wrong answer. A bank that flags a strange payment, a map that reroutes, and a spam filter sit on the same list. A lab PC adding 7 and 20 is arithmetic, not AI.

Q. 77. A bank that flags a strange payment, as AI, is —

AI के रूप में अजीब भुगतान पर बैंक का निशान है —

a) an application of the same field as maps that reroute and spam filters on e-mail — उसी क्षेत्र का अनुप्रयोग जितना मार्ग बदलते मानचित्र और ई-मेल के स्पैम फ़िल्टर b) only Mask ROM at the factory — केवल कारखाने की Mask ROM c) only a punched-card 1GL — केवल पंच-कार्ड 1GL d) only Recycle Bin emptying — केवल Recycle Bin खाली करना

A bank that flags a strange payment, a map that reroutes, and a spam filter on e-mail are named AI applications. Day-to-day AI also includes predictive text, voice assistants, face unlock and captions on a video. Checking an MGSU notice in a browser is not itself AI.

Q. 78. Maps that pick a road, predictive text, face unlock and video captions are —

सड़क चुनते मानचित्र, अगला शब्द, चेहरा-अनलॉक और वीडियो कैप्शन हैं —

a) first-generation vacuum tubes — पहली पीढ़ी के vacuum tubes b) day-to-day AI: maps, predictive text, face unlock and video captions — रोज़मर्रा AI: मानचित्र, अगला शब्द, चेहरा-अनलॉक, वीडियो कैप्शन c) bus topology cables — bus टोपोलॉजी की केबलें d) only OMR bubbles — केवल OMR बुलबुले

Day-to-day AI includes predictive text and auto-correct, voice assistants, maps that pick a road, spam filters, a shopping site that suggests another book, face unlock, captions on a video. Opening an MGSU notice in a browser is not itself AI. Asking a voice tool to read that notice aloud is the daily face of the field.

Q. 79. A named AI disadvantage about privacy is that —

निजता पर AI की नामित हानि यह है कि —

a) the machine always has untaught common sense — मशीन के पास सदैव बिना सिखाई सामान्य बुद्धि है b) GIGO no longer applies — GIGO अब लागू नहीं c) a vision system that reads faces on a campus is also a watch; privacy can shrink — परिसर में चेहरे पढ़ने वाली दृष्टि निगरानी भी है; निजता सिकुड़ सकती है d) a program carries ethics by itself — प्रोग्राम स्वयं नीति लाता है

Named disadvantages: no common sense unless encoded or taught; GIGO still applies; errors can look confident; cost of data and machines; jobs change; privacy can shrink (a vision system that reads faces is also a watch). A program does not carry ethics by itself. Advantages beside those limits: speed on huge search, and the same advice at 2 a.m. as at noon.

Q. 80. “No untaught common sense” as an AI limit means —

AI की सीमा के रूप में “बिना सिखाई सामान्य बुद्धि नहीं” का अर्थ है —

a) it cannot run at night — रात को नहीं चल सकता b) it always has common sense with no teaching — बिना सिखाए सदैव सामान्य बुद्धि c) it replaces ethics automatically — नीति को अपने आप बदल देता है d) the machine has no common sense unless we have encoded or taught it; GIGO still applies; errors can look confident — सामान्य बुद्धि नहीं जब तक हमने कूटित या सिखाई न हो; GIGO अभी; त्रुटि आत्मविश्वास से दिख सकती है

The machine has no common sense unless we have encoded or taught it. Garbage in, garbage out still applies. Errors can look confident. Cost of data and machines; jobs change; privacy can shrink. A program does not carry ethics by itself. Named advantages: speed on huge search, and the same advice at 2 a.m. as at noon (diligence).

Q. 81. The fifth generation’s natural-language aim, in daily wording, is —

पाँचवीं पीढ़ी का प्राकृतिक-भाषा लक्ष्य, रोज़ के शब्दों में, है —

a) talk to the machine with less rigid programming — voice tools, not every browser page — कम कड़े प्रोग्राम से मशीन से बात — वाक् औज़ार, हर ब्राउज़र पृष्ठ नहीं b) replace ethics with vacuum tubes — नीति की जगह vacuum tubes देना c) make OMR bubbles store ROM — OMR बुलबुलों से ROM रखना d) turn a leased line into a 3GL — लीज्ड लाइन को 3GL बनाना

The fifth generation is named by ULSI, parallel processing, huge memory, and an aim toward AI and a more natural-language interface. The natural-language aim in daily life is this: talk to the machine with less rigid programming. The machine has no feelings and no unprogrammed rule.

Q. 82. A network, as a named part of IT, joins machines so that —

IT के नामित भाग के रूप में नेटवर्क मशीनें जोड़ता है ताकि —

a) the ALU adds without data — ALU बिना डेटा जोड़े b) information can move; the types LAN, MAN and WAN and the topologies sit in the networking lessons — जानकारी चल सके; प्रकार LAN, MAN, WAN और टोपोलॉजी नेटवर्किंग पाठों में बैठते हैं c) Mask ROM becomes RAM — Mask ROM, RAM बन जाए d) HTML compiles as C — HTML, C की तरह कंपाइल हो

A network joins machines so that information can move. The types of network — LAN, MAN, WAN — and topology, bridges, routers, gateways, modem, ISDN and leased lines sit in the networking lessons. A smartphone that sends a mark to a server is IT. A bank’s mainframe that clears a payment is IT. The lab mouse by itself is only hardware.

Q. 83. The home page of a website is —

वेबसाइट का home page है —

a) the Recycle Bin on Windows — Windows पर Recycle Bin b) Bcc on an e-mail — ई-मेल पर Bcc c) the front door; a web page is one document; a website is a set of related pages — सामने का दरवाज़ा; web page एक दस्तावेज़; website संबंधित पृष्ठों का समूह d) Mask ROM at the factory — कारखाने की Mask ROM

A home page is the front door of a website. A web page is one document; a website is a set of related pages. A URL is the address of a page: protocol, then the site name, then a path. HTTP fetches web pages. A hyperlink is the clickable jump from one page to another. A browser can also open a local.html file from a Windows folder without going online.

Q. 84. A monitor gives soft copy; a printer gives —

मॉनिटर सॉफ्ट कॉपी देता है; प्रिंटर देता है —

a) only sequential tape backup — केवल क्रमिक टेप बैकअप b) only a 1GL on punched cards — केवल पंच-कार्ड पर 1GL c) only a pointing token — केवल संकेतक टोकन d) hard copy on paper; impact printers strike a ribbon, non-impact printers (inkjet, laser) do not — कागज़ पर हार्ड कॉपी; impact प्रिंटर रिबन मारते हैं, non-impact (inkjet, लेज़र) नहीं मारते

Soft copy is on screen and vanishes when you switch off; hard copy is on paper. A plotter is not a printer of paragraphs: it draws large line-work (maps, building plans) with pens or similar tools. Speakers and headphones are sound output. A projector throws the screen onto a wall for a class.

Q. 85. First-generation memory named with the vacuum-tube machines is typically —

vacuum-tube मशीनों के साथ नामित पहली पीढ़ी की स्मृति प्रायः है —

a) magnetic drum or delay line — not semiconductor RAM of the fourth generation — चुंबकीय ड्रम या delay line — चौथी पीढ़ी की semiconductor RAM नहीं b) L1 SRAM cache on a 2020 lab chip — 2020 लैब चिप पर L1 SRAM cache c) flash in a pen drive — पेन ड्राइव की flash d) an HTML frameset pane — HTML frameset फलक

The first generation (about 1940–1956) uses the vacuum tube. Memory is magnetic drum or delay line. The language is machine language. Input is punched card or paper tape; output is print. ENIAC (1946) and UNIVAC I (1951) are the classroom names. Semiconductor RAM belongs to later generations.

Q. 86. The accumulator, as a named CPU register, holds —

नामित CPU रजिस्टर के रूप में accumulator रखता है —

a) only the next instruction’s address (that is the program counter) — केवल अगले निर्देश का पता (वह program counter है) b) data the ALU is working on; it is not the overnight file on disk — वह डेटा जिस पर ALU काम कर रहा है; डिस्क पर रात भर की फ़ाइल नहीं c) only the instruction just fetched (that is IR) — केवल अभी लाया निर्देश (वह IR है) d) only a leased-line number — केवल लीज्ड-लाइन संख्या

Registers sit inside the CPU. The accumulator holds data the ALU is working on. The program counter holds the address of the next instruction. The instruction register holds the instruction just fetched. MAR holds the address being read or written. MDR/MBR holds the byte going to memory or coming from it. Registers are not RAM and not the hard disk.

Q. 87. Flash memory, as named with ROM, is —

ROM के साथ नामित flash स्मृति है —

a) volatile DRAM that must refresh thousands of times a second — वाष्पशील DRAM जिसे सेकंड में हज़ारों बार refresh चाहिए b) factory Mask ROM that can never be electrically rewritten — कारखाने की Mask ROM जो विद्युत से कभी न लिखी जाए c) a form of EEPROM used in BIOS chips and in pen drives; the pen drive itself is secondary storage — EEPROM का रूप, BIOS चिप और पेन ड्राइव में; पेन ड्राइव स्वयं द्वितीयक भंडारण है d) a WAN topology — WAN टोपोलॉजी

EEPROM is erased electrically. Flash is a form of EEPROM used in BIOS chips and in pen drives. The pen drive itself is secondary storage; the flash technology is shared. Mask ROM is factory-written and cannot be changed. PROM is programmed once. EPROM is erased by ultraviolet light through a quartz window.

Q. 88. An inkjet printer, compared with a laser page printer, is typically —

लेज़र पृष्ठ प्रिंटर की तुलना में inkjet प्रिंटर प्रायः है —

a) the only impact printer that must strike carbon copies — एकमात्र impact प्रिंटर जो कार्बन प्रति मारे b) a sequential magnetic tape — क्रमिक चुंबकीय टेप c) a pointing device — संकेतक यंत्र d) cheaper to buy and dearer per page in ink; both are non-impact (they do not strike a ribbon) — खरीद में सस्ता, स्याही में प्रति पृष्ठ महँगा; दोनों non-impact (रिबन नहीं मारते)

Non-impact printers (inkjet, laser) do not strike a ribbon. Laser is a page printer common in an office. Inkjet is cheaper to buy and dearer per page in ink. Impact printers (dot-matrix, daisy-wheel) strike the page and can print carbon copies. A character printer prints one character; a line printer a whole line; a page printer composes a full page.

Q. 89. Speakers and headphones, in the output list, give —

निर्गम सूची में स्पीकर और हेडफोन देते हैं —

a) sound output; a projector throws the screen onto a wall for a class; neither is a pointing device — ध्वनि निर्गम; प्रोजेक्टर कक्षा की दीवार पर स्क्रीन फेंकता है; दोनों संकेतक नहीं b) only sequential tape backup — केवल क्रमिक टेप बैकअप c) only 1GL punched cards — केवल 1GL पंच-कार्ड d) only NAND of two ones — केवल दो एक का NAND

Speakers and headphones are sound output. A projector throws the screen onto a wall for a class. A monitor is soft-copy output. A printer is hard copy. A plotter draws large line-work (maps, building plans). Pointing devices are mouse, trackball, touchpad, joystick, light pen, digitizing tablet, touch screen — not speakers.

Q. 90. 20₁₀ in octal is —

20₁₀ octal में है —

a) 14₁₆ written as if it were octal (that is hex for 20) — 14₁₆ जैसे octal हो (वह 20 का hex है) b) 24₈ — 24₈ c) 7₈ (that is 7₁₀) — 7₈ (वह 7₁₀ है) d) 200₈ (that is 128₁₀) — 200₈ (वह 128₁₀ है)

Decimal 20 to octal: 20÷8 → 2 remainder 4, so 24₈ (2×8+4=20). In binary 20 is 10100₂; grouped in threes from the right: 010 100 → 24₈. The same 20 is 14₁₆. 7₈ is 7. 200₈ is 128.

Q. 91. An interpreter, as against a compiler, —

Compiler की तुलना में interpreter —

a) translates the whole program into machine code first, then you run the result (that is a compiler) — पूरे प्रोग्राम को पहले मशीन कोड में बदलता है, फिर परिणाम चलाते हो (वह compiler है) b) is an assembler for 1GL only — केवल 1GL का assembler है c) translates and runs a high-level program line by line (classic BASIC) and stops at the first error it meets while running — उच्च-स्तरीय प्रोग्राम को पंक्ति-पंक्ति अनुवाद कर चलाता है (क्लासिक BASIC) और चलते पहली त्रुटि पर रुकता है d) never meets an error — त्रुटि कभी नहीं मिलती

An interpreter translates and runs line by line (classic BASIC) and stops at the first error it meets while running. A compiler translates the whole high-level program into machine code, then you run the result; it can find many errors before the program runs. An assembler translates assembly (2GL) into machine language. The CPU still understands only 0 and 1.

Q. 92. An internal style sheet lives —

Internal स्टाइल शीट रहती है —

a) only as POST form data — केवल POST फॉर्म डेटा के रूप में b) only as a frameset col width — केवल frameset की col चौड़ाई के रूप में c) only as a hexadecimal base — केवल hexadecimal आधार के रूप में d) in a style block in the head of that page; inline is a style attribute on one tag; external is a.css file linked from many pages — उस पृष्ठ के head में style ब्लॉक में; inline एक टैग पर style गुण; external कई पृष्ठों से जुड़ी.css फ़ाइल

Style sheets separate look from HTML structure. Three places: inline — a style attribute on one tag; internal — a style block in the head for that page; external — a.css file linked from many pages so the whole lab site shares colour and font. HTML says this is a heading; the style sheet says the heading is blue.

Q. 93. A hub on a star, as against a switch, —

स्विच की तुलना में star पर हब —

a) repeats every incoming bit to every port; a switch forwards a frame only toward the destination port — हर आने वाला bit हर पोर्ट पर दोहराता है; स्विच फ्रेम केवल गंतव्य पोर्ट की ओर भेजता है b) chooses Internet routes as a router does — राउटर की तरह इंटरनेट के मार्ग चुनता है c) joins unlike protocols as a gateway does — गेटवे की तरह उलटी प्रणालियाँ जोड़ता है d) splits one HTML window into frames — एक HTML खिड़की फ्रेम में बाँटता है

A hub repeats every incoming bit to every port. A switch forwards a frame only toward the destination port, so a modern college lab is almost always a star around a switch, not a hub. A bridge joins two segments of the same kind of LAN. A router chooses a path between networks. A gateway joins unlike systems.

Q. 94. C2C e-commerce is —

C2C ई-कॉमर्स है —

a) a firm selling Rapidex to Anil on a shop site (that is B2C) — दुकान-साइट पर फर्म का Anil को Rapidex (वह B2C है) b) consumer to consumer: a used-book sale between two students on a listing site — उपभोक्ता से उपभोक्ता: लिस्टिंग साइट पर दो विद्यार्थियों की पुरानी किताब c) two firms exchanging EDI purchase orders (that is B2B) — दो फर्मों के EDI खरीद आदेश (वह B2B है) d) a citizen checking an MGSU result (that is G2C) — नागरिक का MGSU परिणाम देखना (वह G2C है)

C2C is consumer to consumer: a used-book sale between two students on a listing site. B2C is a firm selling to a person (Rapidex on a shop site). B2B is firm to firm (EDI). C2B is a person offering work or a price to a firm. E-governance uses G2C, G2B, G2G. These are not LAN/MAN/WAN.

Q. 95. Access in PAPA asks —

PAPA में Access पूछता है —

a) only who owns a pirated box — केवल चोरी के डिब्बे का मालिक कौन b) only NAND of two zeros — केवल दो शून्य का NAND c) who is allowed to log in — लॉग इन किसे मिले d) only a frameset row — केवल frameset पंक्ति

PAPA is four headings: Privacy — who sees Anil’s marks besides Anil and the office. Accuracy — a wrong print-out is not “the computer’s opinion.” Property — who owns the program, the notes file, the photograph. Access — who is allowed to log in. Ethics is the ought; cyber law is the must, with a court.

Q. 96. The Information Technology Act, 2000 came into force on —

सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी अधिनियम, 2000 लागू हुआ —

a) the day ENIAC was switched on — जिस दिन ENIAC चालू हुआ b) the day the IBM PC shipped in 1981 — जिस दिन 1981 में IBM PC निकला c) the day HTML Frameset was named — जिस दिन HTML Frameset नाम हुआ d) 17 October 2000; a 2008 amendment added and tightened several offences — 17 अक्टूबर 2000; 2008 के संशोधन ने कई अपराध जोड़े और कसे

The Information Technology Act, 2000 is India’s principal statute on electronic records, electronic signatures, and offences that use a computer or a network. It came into force on 17 October 2000. A 2008 amendment added and tightened several offences. E-governance and e-payment sit on this legal floor: without recognition of electronic records, an online result or an EFT message would not count.

Q. 97. “Jobs change” as a named AI disadvantage means —

AI की नामित हानि के रूप में “काम बदलते हैं” का अर्थ है —

a) some tasks move from a clerk to a system; people still write the rule and still judge the output — कुछ काम लिपिक से प्रणाली पर जाते हैं; नियम अभी व्यक्ति लिखता है, निर्गम अभी व्यक्ति जाँचता है b) the machine always has untaught common sense — मशीन के पास सदैव बिना सिखाई सामान्य बुद्धि है c) GIGO no longer applies — GIGO अब लागू नहीं d) a program carries ethics by itself — प्रोग्राम स्वयं नीति लाता है

Named disadvantages of AI: no common sense unless encoded or taught; GIGO still applies; errors can look confident; cost of data and machines; jobs change; privacy can shrink. A program does not carry ethics by itself. Named advantages: speed on huge search, and the same advice at 2 a.m. as at noon.

Q. 98. A stored program, in the IPO picture, means —

IPO चित्र में संचित प्रोग्राम का अर्थ है —

a) the cabinet itself is the CPU — कैबिनेट स्वयं CPU है b) instructions sit in storage with the data; the CPU fetches them; you do not rewire the machine for each new job — निर्देश डेटा के साथ भंडारण में बैठते हैं; CPU उन्हें लाता है; हर नए काम के लिए मशीन दोबारा नहीं बाँधते c) HTML is machine language — HTML मशीन भाषा है d) a leased line stores Mask ROM — लीज्ड लाइन Mask ROM रखती है

A stored program means instructions sit in storage with the data. The CPU fetches them. You do not rewire the machine for each new job. The four jobs plus storage are: input, process, output, storage. Classroom: type 2145; the CPU matches it; the screen shows Anil Sharma; the disk keeps the file.

Q. 99. An e-mail attachment is —

ई-मेल attachment है —

a) the only meaning of Bcc — Bcc का एकमात्र अर्थ b) a URL of a web page — वेब पृष्ठ का URL c) a file that rides with the message; SMTP sends mail; POP or IMAP fetches it to a PC — संदेश के साथ जाती फ़ाइल; SMTP मेल भेजता है; POP या IMAP PC पर लाते हैं d) a 3GL compiler switch — 3GL compiler स्विच

An attachment is a file that rides with the message. To is the main recipient; Cc sends a visible copy; Bcc sends a copy the other To/Cc names do not see. SMTP sends mail; POP or IMAP fetches it to a PC. E-mail is not the WWW. A virus can ride in an attachment; opening an unknown file can carry a virus.

Q. 100. In an HTML table, tr, th and td name —

HTML टेबल में tr, th और td नाम करते हैं —

a) only GET in the address bar — केवल address bar में GET b) only BIOS firmware — केवल BIOS firmware c) only a debit-card PAN — केवल डेबिट-कार्ड PAN d) a row, a header cell and a data cell; the table is wrapped in table; border, cellpadding, cellspacing, align, width are named attributes — पंक्ति, शीर्षक कोशिका और डेटा कोशिका; टेबल table में लिपटी; border, cellpadding, cellspacing, align, width नामित गुण हैं

A table is wrapped in table. tr is a row; th a header cell; td a data cell. Named attributes: border, cellpadding, cellspacing, align, width. A two-column lab table can list Roll / Name, then 2145 / Anil Sharma. cellpadding is space inside a cell; cellspacing is space between cells.