Conjunctions / clauses

Topic kya maangta hai

Paper blank: I stayed ___ it rained, ___ you work, you will fail, He is so tired ___ he slept. Identify: simple / compound / complex. Combine: two short sentences → although / who / because. Error: Although it rained but…. Pooche joiner + clause tree. Each of the boys is number SVA pe. He said that he was narration pe. despite the rain + noun prepositions pe. taller than form degrees pe.

Yahan padhna

Clause vs phrase. Independent vs dependent. Simple / compound / complex. FANBOYS (for and nor but or yet so). Correlative pairs + parallel form. Subordinating: because although if unless since as when. unless = if not. until ≠ unless. lest + should. so that purpose vs so…that result. too…to. who/which/that/whom/whose. defining vs comma-which. Noun/adjective/adverb clause. however semicolon. No sooner…than. Hardly…when. Although…but band. Because…so band. Rajasthan: Amer Fort although it was hot; the city where the Hawa Mahal stands.

Yahan mat ghusana

is/are, a number are — SVA (not only…but also ka nearer verb wahan; yahan jodi + matlab). Quotes, backshift — narration (if/whether yes-no report wahan; yahan if = condition clause). despite / in spite of / because of + noun — prepositions (although + clause yahan). since 2010 object — prep; has lived — tenses (If he will come galat wahan; unless matlab yahan). that book / relative naam — POS (tree yahan). can/must — modals. be+V3 — voice. a university — articles. Hindi सरल/संयुक्त/मिश्र — kaal-vakya mix mat; English FANBOYS/although alag labels. taller/tallest — degrees.

Ek line: Conjunction do units jodta hai. Finite verb + subject = clause. Joiner equal (and/but) to compound; ek baat doosri pe tiki (because/if/who) to complex.

Clause vs phrase — pehle yeh kaato

	Kya hai	Test	Example
Clause	subject + finite verb	Kaun + kya karta (tense wala verb)	it rained · he left · you work · I bought
Phrase	group, finite verb nahi	sirf noun/prep/to+V1	after lunch · in spite of the rain · to Amer Fort · because of heat

Independent (main): akela khada ho sakta — We stayed at home.

Dependent (subordinate): joiner ke saath; akela adhura — because it rained (yeh poora sentence nahi).

Agla word dekho. after lunch = phrase (noun). after he ate = clause (he + ate). Same spelling after — job alag. Prep vs conj naam POS pe; yahan tree: phrase sentence ko simple rakhta, clause jod ke complex banaata.

Example

after the exam / after he finished · because of the heat / because it was hot — kaun clause?

Solution

Verb dhoondo
the exam / the heat = noun → phrase. he finished / it was = finite → clause.

Answerafter he finished · because it was hot

Teen dhancha — simple, compound, complex

Type	Andar kya	Joiner	Example
Simple	ek independent clause (phrases ho sakte)	—	Ram goes to school daily. The boys in the bus shouted.
Compound	do ya zyada equal independent	FANBOYS / semicolon	Ram went and Shyam came. It rained, so we stayed.
Complex	ek independent + kam se kam ek dependent	because if although who that when	We stayed because it rained. The boy who won is from Jaipur.
Compound-complex	do independent + dependent	dono families	I called Ram, but he was out because he had gone to Amer.

Simple mein do naam ho sakte: Ram and Shyam live in Jaipur. — ek hi finite live = simple (and yahan nouns jodta, doosri clause nahi). Compound tab jab do finite verbs, dono azad: Ram lives in Jaipur and Shyam lives in Ajmer.

Hindi stamp mat. सरल/संयुक्त/मिश्र kaal-vakya pe. English paper simple/compound/complex likhe. क्योंकि = because → complex yahan; और = and → compound — idea milta hai, labels English rakhna.

Example

Birds fly. / Ram went and Shyam came. / I know that he will come. — types?

Solution

Count finite
1 fly = simple. 2 went+came, and equal = compound. know + that-clause tiki = complex.

Answersimple · compound · complex

Coordinating — FANBOYS

Saat: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So. Dono baazu same rank — dono independent.

Word	Kaam	Example
for	reason (thoda purana; because jaisa matlab, rank coordinating)	We stayed, for it was raining.
and	jod / extra	He opened the gate and walked in.
nor	negative extra; aksar inversion	He does not sing, nor does he dance.
but	ulta / contrast	It was hot, but they climbed Amer.
or	choice / warning	Work hard or you will fail.
yet	unexpected contrast (but jaisa, thoda “phir bhi”)	He is poor, yet he is honest.
so	result	It rained, so the match stopped.

Comma: do poori independent clauses + FANBOYS → comma pehle: It rained, so we stayed. Chhoti shared-subject: He sat and waited. comma optional.

so yahan result-joiner (coordinating). so that purpose alag ghar — neeche. because reason subordinating — compound nahi, complex.

therefore / however / moreover / nevertheless FANBOYS nahi. Ye conjunctive adverbs. It rained, therefore we stayed paper pe kamzor. Theek: It rained; therefore, we stayed. ya It rained. Therefore, we stayed. however vs but — neeche.

Correlative — jodi tootni nahi

Do tukde saath: either…or, neither…nor, both…and, not only…but also, whether…or. Pehla dikhe to doosra lao. Mix mat: either…nor, both…as well as, not only…also (but gira).

Either come in or wait outside.
Neither the bus nor the train arrived on time.
Both the Aravallis and the Thar are in Rajasthan. (both…and; as well as yahan pair nahi)
He is not only tired but also hungry.
I do not know whether he will come or not.

Parallel form: dono baazu same jaat. Not only intelligent but also hardworking (adj+adj). Not only sings but also dances (verb+verb). Galat: not only intelligent but also he works hard (adj vs clause).

SVA alag layer. Either the teacher or the students are — nearer verb SVA. Yahan poochho: jodi complete? dono sides same shape? matlab addition/choice/negative. as well as SVA pe pehla subject; yahan both…and vs as well as pair-galat.

Sentence shuru Not only + clause: inversion — Not only did he fail, but he also lost his fee. (did he, not he did).

Subordinating — ek baat doosri pe tiki

Dependent clause banaate. Poora sentence complex. Dependent aage ho to comma: Because it rained, we stayed. Peeche ho to aksar comma nahi: We stayed because it rained.

Family	Joiners	Example
Time	when, while, as, before, after, until, till, since, as soon as, once, whenever	As soon as the gate opened, we entered Amer Fort.
Cause	because, since, as (reason)	Since the bus was late, we walked.
Contrast / concession	although, though, even though, even if, whereas, while (contrast)	Although it was hot, they walked to the fort.
Condition	if, unless, provided (that), as long as, in case	If it rains, the fair will stop. (If + present, will bahar — clock tenses)
Purpose	so that, in order that, lest	He spoke loudly so that we could hear.
Result	so…that, such…that	He was so tired that he slept.
Place	where, wherever	Sit where you like.
Manner	as, as if, as though	Do as I say. He talks as if he knew everything.
Comparison	than, as…as	He is taller than Ram. — form degrees; yahan than clause-joiner ho sakta: than I thought.

in case = precaution (ho sakta hai). Take water in case the shop is closed. if = seedha shart. provided / as long as = positive condition.

as if / as though unreal aksar past: He talks as if he were a minister. (were — wish-shape; tense extra se milta, yahan joiner as if).

since, as, while — ek spelling, kai job

Word	Yahan (clause)	Doosra extra
since	time: since he left, we have waited. cause: since you are tired, rest.	since 2010 / since Monday = prep + point prepositions. has lived = tenses. I have not seen him since = adverb (object nahi).
as	time: as I entered, the bell rang. cause: as it was late, we left. manner: do as I do.	as tall as = degrees. as a teacher = prep-role.
while	time-overlap: while I waited, he cooked. contrast: The Thar is dry, while Jaipur has canals nearby (paper whereas bhi).	—
for	FANBOYS reason: We left, for it was dark.	for two hours = prep duration. for Ram = prep.
until / till	clause: Wait until I come.	until Monday = prep prepositions.

Test: agla noun-phrase = prep. agla subject+verb = conjunction. Clock has/have alag page.

unless vs until vs if

unless = if not. Unless you work, you will fail = If you do not work, you will fail.

until = time-tak. Wait until the bus comes. Condition nahi, clock-end.

Double negative. Unless you don't work galat (unless ke andar already not). Seedha: Unless you work.

Mix. Wait unless I come galat — time chahiye to until. Don't go until I call time. Don't go unless I call condition.

If + will. If you will work, you pass Class-X real future mein galat — If you work, you will pass. Yeh tense kaanun tenses; yahan unless ka matlab if not.

Example

___ you book a seat, you will stand. / Stay here ___ the train leaves.

Solution

Shart vs waqt
book nahi kiya to khade = unless (if not). train chhutne tak ruko = until.

AnswerUnless · until

lest, so that, in order that — purpose

so that / in order that = taaki (positive purpose). Peeche modal: can / could / may / might / will / would.

He spoke slowly so that the child could understand.
We left early in order that we might catch the bus to Ajmer.

lest = taaki na (negative purpose). Class-X: lest + subject + should + V1 ya kabhi lest + subject + V1 (should chhupa).

Walk carefully lest you should fall.
Write it down lest you forget.

lest you will fall galat. lest you should not fall double-not galat (lest khud negative). so that he will not fall alag theek sentence — so that + not; lest alag word.

so that ≠ so…that. so that = purpose clause. so tired that = result — agla section.

so…that, such…that, too…to

Pattern	Matlab	Example
so + adj/adv + that + clause	itna…ki (result)	He was so tired that he slept on the bus.
such + (a) + adj + noun + that	aisi cheez…ki	It was such a hot day that we stopped at Amer.
too + adj/adv + to + V1	itna…ki nahi kar saka (result negative, clause nahi)	He is too tired to walk. = so tired that he cannot walk.

too…to ke baad that mat lagao: too tired that he slept galat. so…to bhi mix mat: so tired to walk galat — so…that ya too…to, ek family.

enough: He is strong enough to lift the box (too ka ulta polarity). Combine paper: too weak to run ↔ so weak that he cannot run.

Example

The bag is too heavy to lift. so…that se?

Solution

too = cannot
The bag is so heavy that I/we cannot lift it. Subject paper stem se.

Answerso heavy that … cannot lift it

Relative clause — who, which, that, whom, whose

Dependent clause noun ko describe karti (adjective clause). Antecedent = woh noun jisse joda.

Word	Kab	Example
who	log, subject	The boy who won is from Jaipur.
whom	log, object (formal)	The man whom I met at the station… (I met him)
whose	possession, log ya cheez	The girl whose bag was lost…
which	cheez / jaanwar; comma wale extra-info	The book which I bought… / Jaipur, which is pink, …
that	log ya cheez, defining (zaroori pehchan), comma nahi	The book that I bought is on the desk.
where / when / why	place / time / reason (relative adverb)	the city where I was born; the day when we met
what	antecedent nahi (the thing which)	I know what you want. — yeh noun clause family bhi.

Defining vs non-defining

Defining (zaroori): kaun sa wala. comma nahi. that allowed. The students who passed were given forms. (sirf pass wale)

Non-defining (extra jaankari): commas. that nahi. Ram, who lives in Jaipur, is my cousin. (Ram pehle se known; who extra)

Ram, that lives in Jaipur, galat — comma + that nahi. Place: the house which / that / where — where tab jab ghar mein rehte/hue ka sense; which house-object.

Omit: object relative chhod sakte: the book (that) I bought. Subject nahi chhodte: the boy who came — who hataya to tuta.

SVA fence. One of the boys who are — verb relative ke antecedent se SVA. Yahan kaun sa joiner: who vs which, that vs comma-which, omit.

that conjunction alag: I know that he came — he came ko noun-clause banata, book ko describe nahi. Peeche noun antecedent ho to relative; sirf clause introduce (know/say/think ke baad) to conjunction. Naam-table POS; tree yahan.

Teen tarah ki dependent clause

Clause	Kaam	Sawal	Example
Noun clause	subject / object / complement	kya?	That he is honest is known. I know that he came. The news is that the dam is full.
Adjective clause	noun describe (relative)	kaun sa?	The fort that we saw is Amer. Students who work pass.
Adverb clause	verb ko time/cause/condition…	kab / kyun / kis shart se?	We stopped because it rained. If you call, I will come.

Noun clause openers: that, whether, if (know if he came — yahan if ≈ whether, condition if alag), wh- (what, who, whom, whose, which, when, where, why, how).

Narration mix mat. He said that he was tired = reporting narration. Same that noun-clause bhi hai, lekin paper “change into indirect” likhe to wahan. Yahan identify: I know that = noun clause object, bina quotes-game.

whether vs if: alternatives / preposition ke baad whether — It depends on whether he comes (on if galat). Condition: If it rains, stay (shart, whether nahi).

however, no sooner, hardly — pairing

however vs but

but FANBOYS, comma se: It was hot, but they walked.

however conjunctive adverb: It was hot; however, they walked. ya naya sentence. It was hot, however they walked kamzor/error spotting.

Dusra however: However hard he tried, he failed = jitna bhi (concessive). Yahan however = although-family, comma theek.

No sooner, hardly, scarcely

Pehla	Doosra (freeze)	Shape
No sooner	than (when nahi)	No sooner had he reached than the bus left. (had + V3, inversion)
Hardly / scarcely / barely	when ya before (than nahi)	Hardly had I sat when the bell rang.
The more…	the more / the less	The more you read, the more you learn.

As soon as same time-story bina inversion: As soon as he reached, the bus left. Combine: as soon as ↔ no sooner…than (tense/inversion badlo, matlab same).

Paper pe combine / fill

Do chhote simple → ek sentence. Joiner matlab se:

Reason: because / since / as / for. (because of + noun = prep extra)
Contrast: but / yet / although / though / whereas. (despite + noun = prep)
Result: so / therefore / so…that
Condition: if / unless
Noun repeat: who / which / that (doosri sentence ka he/she/it hatao)
Purpose: so that / lest

It rained. We stayed. → We stayed because it rained. / It rained, so we stayed. (matlab: reason vs result — stem padho)

He is poor. He is honest. → He is poor but honest. / He is poor, yet he is honest. / Although he is poor, he is honest.

This is Amer Fort. We visited it. → This is Amer Fort, which we visited. / This is the fort that we visited.

like vs as: like + noun (prep): He runs like a horse. as + clause: Do as I say. Do like I say Class-X error. like ki object-list prepositions; as-clause yahan.

Traps — yahi kat'te hain

1. Although…but / Though…but

Ek contrast kaafi. Although it rained, they went. It rained, but they went. Dono ek saath nahi. Hindi यद्यपि…परंतु stamp mat.

2. Because…so / Since…therefore same clause-pair

Because it rained, we stayed. It rained, so we stayed. Because it rained so we stayed galat.

3. despite / although mix

despite the rain (noun). although it rained (clause). despite of galat. in spite of + noun prepositions.

4. unless double-not / until mix

Unless you work. Wait until I come.

5. lest you will / lest…not

lest you should fall.

6. so that vs so…that vs too…to

purpose vs result vs too+to. Mix families mat.

7. No sooner…when / Hardly…than

no sooner…than. hardly…when.

8. both…as well as / either…nor

both…and. either…or. neither…nor. not only…but also.

9. comma + that relative

Ram, who lives… that nahi non-defining pe.

10. is/are / said that / taller than is this page

Each of the boys is = SVA. He said that = narration. He is taller than Ram = degrees (than comparison form). Yahan because/who/unless tree.

Paper pe paanch kadam

Finite verbs gino. Ek = simple (phrases chhod). Do + equal joiner = compound. Do + tiki clause = complex.
Agla unit kya? noun-phrase → despite/because of/since 2010 (prep extra). subject+verb → conjunction yahan.
Jodi poori? either-or, not only-but also, no sooner-than, so-that, too-to. Parallel form.
Matlab. unless = if not. until = time. lest = should, negative purpose. so that purpose / so…that result.
Doosra extra mat. is/are SVA, quotes narration, despite+noun prep, If he will tense, taller degrees, that-ka-naam POS.

Galat list. Although it rained but. Because…so. Unless you don't. Wait unless I come. lest you will fall. too tired that. No sooner…when. both…as well as. Ram, that lives. despite of. since 2010 = conjunction freeze. Each of the boys is = this extra. He said that = this extra.

Q 1–10

Conjunction / clause extra kya jodta hai?

Subject se is/are
Do units — phrase nahi to clause tree; FANBOYS ya because/who
be+V3 palat
a/an sound

Solution

Joiner
SVA number. Voice dhancha. Articles pointer. Yahan simple/compound/complex + blank joiner.

AnswerB

FANBOYS coordinating family kaun si?

because, although, if, unless
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
who, which, that
despite, because of

Solution

Equal rank
A subordinating. C relative. D prep+noun. Coordinating saat FANBOYS.

AnswerB

We stayed at home ___ it rained. (reason clause)

despite — noun maangta: despite the rain
because
because of — of ke baad noun, yahan it rained clause
although — contrast, yahan reason

Solution

Clause + reason
it rained = subject+verb. because. despite/because of prep extra.

AnswerB

Ram went and Shyam came. Sentence type?

Simple — and dikha to hamesha simple
Compound — do independent, FANBOYS and
Complex — and = because
Phrase only

Solution

Do finite
went, came. Dono azad. Ram and Shyam live = simple alag (ek verb).

AnswerB

Although it was hot, they walked to Amer Fort. Type?

Compound — although = but
Complex — although-clause dependent
Simple — ek comma
SVA nearer

Solution

Tiki
Although it was hot akela nahi khada. Main: they walked. Q4 and equal tha; yahan subordinate.

AnswerB

Unless you work, you will fail. unless =

until the time
if not (If you do not work, you will fail)
although
lest should

Solution

if not
until clock-end. lest purpose. although contrast.

AnswerB

Walk carefully lest you ___ fall.

will
should
would have
are

Solution

lest + should
will galat. should not bhi nahi — lest khud negative.

AnswerB

He was so tired ___ he slept.

so that — purpose taaki (so that he could sleep alag)
that (so…that result)
too — too tired to, that nahi
than — no sooner family

Solution

so adj that
Result. so that purpose alag. too…to alag.

AnswerB

Although it rained, but they went. Error?

Theek — Hindi यद्यपि…परंतु
Do contrast joiners — although rakh ya but rakh, dono nahi
rains tense hi galat, although chhodo
Yeh SVA hai

Solution

Ek kaafi
Although it rained, they went. / It rained, but they went. Because…so same trap family.

AnswerB

Q10

Each of the boys is present. Yeh conjunction extra hai?

Haan, of = joiner
Nahi — each…is = SVA; yahan because/although/who tree
Voice be+V3
the Ganga article

Solution

Fence
Number-person wahan. of-phrase SVA head. Conjunction clause jodta.

AnswerB

Practice

Ye dus alag kone hain — upar wale dus ki nakal nahi.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

I have lived here since 2010. / I have been sad since he left. — doosri since?

Dono preposition — year aur he left same
Conjunction — he left = clause; pehli since 2010 = prep
Dono FANBOYS so
Dono relative who

Solution

Agla unit
2010 noun. he left finite. has lived tense extra; since ka job yahan/wahan split.

AnswerB

___ it rained, they still walked to Amer Fort. Options: despite / although / because of / in spite of

despite — it rained clause, despite noun maangta
although
because of
in spite of

Solution

+ clause
although it rained (phir bhi chale). despite the rain / in spite of / because of + noun — prep extra, yahan it rained clause.

AnswerB

He is not only tired also hungry. Fix the pair (meaning/shape, not is/are).

not only tired as well as hungry
not only tired but also hungry
either tired nor hungry
both tired but hungry

Solution

Jodi
but also. Parallel adj+adj. Nearer verb SVA pe; yahan missing but.

AnswerB

The boy ___ won the prize is from Jaipur. (person, subject of won)

which — cheez
who
whom — object
where — place

Solution

who subject
boy person. won ka karta who. whom I met alag. which fort.

AnswerB

This is the book, that I bought yesterday. Relative error?

that hamesha galat
Comma + that non-defining nahi — defining: the book that I bought (comma hatao) ya extra-info which after known book
whom chahiye
SVA are chahiye

Solution

that no comma
Defining zaroori book. P4 who person; yahan that/which cheez + comma rule.

AnswerB

He is too weak to run. so…that =

He is so weak to run
He is so weak that he cannot run
He is so weak that he can run
He is such weak that run

Solution

too = cannot
such a weak boy that… noun pattern. so…to mix galat.

AnswerB

No sooner had he reached ___ the bus left.

when — hardly family
than
then
that

Solution

no sooner than
Hardly had…when alag. then spelling trap.

AnswerB

Both the Aravallis ___ the Thar lie in Rajasthan. Pair?

as well as — both…as well as galat pair
and (both…and)
but also — not only family
or — either family

Solution

both and
as well as bina both. SVA The Aravallis are alag page.

AnswerB

Hindi «राम आया क्योंकि बारिश हुई» se English Although…but freeze?

Haan, क्योंकि = but bhi
Nahi — because it rained, Ram came = complex; यद्यपि…परंतु stamp Although+but mat; Hindi रचना kaal-vakya
Yeh voice hai
Yeh article hai

Solution

Do bhasha
क्योंकि = because (complex). और = and (compound). Double joiner Hindi se mat.

AnswerB

P10

He is taller than his brother. Yeh is page ka main sawal hai?

Haan, than = FANBOYS
Nahi — comparative form degrees; yahan because/unless/who/so that tree. than clause-joiner ho to bhi form-table wahan
Narration quotes
news is SVA only forever, than yahi

Solution

Fence
Q10 SVA tha. taller/tallest degrees pe.

AnswerB