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Noteclass 11 12

Participle clauses

Lesson 59 of 84

B2

Participle clause = extra baat bina who / while / because: Walking to the station, I saw Ravi. Gerund as naam (Swimming is good) = 44. Full relative = 43. Pronoun hatao the book I bought = 61. while I was walking = 38. V3 passive meaning = 41.

1. Kya hai

Participle clause = -ing / having + V3 / V3 se chhoti extra baat. Front pe comma. Karta wahi jo main sentence ka.

Full Participle
While I was walking to the station, I saw Ravi. Walking to the station, I saw Ravi.
After she had finished dinner, she left. Having finished dinner, she left.
The hall, which was built last year, is crowded. The hall, built last year, is crowded.

2. -ing / having + V3 / V3

Form Matlab Example
-ing same time / reason (active) Feeling hungry, Ravi ordered samosas.
Not + -ing negative reason Not knowing the PIN, I asked the guard.
having + V3 pehle ho chuka Having finished dinner, we watched the match.
V3 / -ed passive / result Built last year, the station is crowded. Shocked by the bill, Amma sat down.
having been + V3 pehle + passive Having been stuck in traffic, I missed the first ball.

Swimming is good = gerund, noun jaisa (44). Swimming in the lake, I saw a fish = 59, extra clause. enjoy swimming = 44, yahan mat dohrao.

3. Same karta + chhoti relative

Participle ka karta = main clause ka karta. Galat match = galat karta (subject match nahi). Rain walk nahi karti.

No Yes
Walking to the station, the rain started. Walking to the station, I opened my umbrella.
Waiting for the bus, the time passed slowly. Waiting for the bus, I checked my phone.

Noun ke baad, who is / which was hatao (reduced relative = chhoti joiner, who/which nahi):

Full (43) Reduced (59)
the man who is sitting near the door the man sitting near the door
the form which was filled in yesterday the form filled in yesterday (52 fill in)
the train which was delayed by fog the train delayed by fog

Object pronoun (that / which / who) hata sakte ho: the book I bought = 61, participle nahi. Alag karta ho to full clause likho: While I was walking, the rain started. Front comma extra rules = 67.

4. Examples

Bold = participle.

  1. Walking to the station, I saw an auto.
  2. Feeling hungry, Ravi ordered samosas.
  3. Seeing the rain, we took the metro.
  4. Not knowing the PIN, I asked the guard.
  5. Having finished dinner, we watched the match.
  6. Having filled in the form, she left the counter.
  7. Built last year, the metro station is crowded.
  8. Shocked by the bill, Amma sat down.
  9. Having been stuck in traffic, I missed the first ball.
  10. The man sitting near the door is Papa.
  11. The form filled in yesterday is still pending.
  12. The train delayed by fog arrived at 11 pm.
  13. The windows cleaned this morning already look dusty.
  14. Used daily, this pan is still fine.
  15. Waiting for the bus, I checked my phone.

5. Common mistakes

Walking to the station, the rain started.
Walking to the station, I opened my umbrella. / As I was walking, the rain started. (38)
Having finishing dinner, we watched the match.
Having finished dinner, we watched the match.
Building last year, the hall is crowded.
Built last year, the hall is crowded. (passive V3)
The man who sitting near the door is Papa.
The man sitting near the door is Papa. / The man who is sitting… (43)
Not knew the PIN, I asked the guard. / Don't knowing…
Not knowing the PIN, I asked the guard.
Swimming in the lake, a fish appeared. (galat karta)
Swimming in the lake, I saw a fish. Swimming is good. (44 gerund)
The book buying yesterday. / The book I buying.
The book bought yesterday. The book I bought = 61.
Never having I finished. (58 aur 59 dono ek saath mat lagao)
Having finished, I left. Never have I seen… = 58.
Hindi note. -ing = main khud kar raha (same time / isliye). having + V3 = pehle kar chuka. V3 = kisi ne / ho chuka, passive. Jo -ing kar raha hai, wahi agle sentence ka karta hona chahiye — warna rain "walk" karti dikhegi.

6. Practice

A. 10 MCQ

1. ______ to the station, I saw Ravi.
2. ______ dinner, we watched the match. (pehle)
3. ______ last year, the hall is still new.
4. The man ______ near the door is Papa.
5. ______ the PIN, I asked the guard.
6. Waiting for the bus, ______.
7. Having ______ the form, she left.
8. The windows ______ yesterday need a second wipe.
9. ______ in the lake, I saw a fish.
10. ______ hungry, Ravi ordered samosas.

B. 5 fill-in

1. ______ to the station, I saw Ravi. (-ing)

2. ______ dinner, we watched the match. (having + V3)

3. ______ last year, the hall is still new. (V3)

4. The man ______ near the door is Papa.

5. Sahi karo: Walking to the station, the rain started.

C. 3 sentences

Model answers neeche. Ek -ing, ek having, ek V3.

  1. -ing: Walking to the station, I saw Ravi.
  2. having: Having finished dinner, we watched the match.
  3. V3: Built last year, the metro station is crowded.

7. Answer key

MCQ
  1. a) Walking — same-time active -ing. Walked = V3, rain/passive galti. Walk = asal verb.
  2. b) Having finished — pehle ka kaam. Finishing = same time. Have finished = poora verb, comma clause nahi.
  3. a) Built — passive V3. Building = active, hall khud nahi bana. Build = asal verb.
  4. a) sitting — reduced who is sitting. sat = khatam. sits = poora verb, who missing.
  5. a) Not knowing — Not + -ing. Not knew / Don't knowing galat.
  6. b) I checked my phone — same karta I. rain / time = subject match nahi.
  7. b) filled in — having + V3. fill in British English (52). filling = V3 nahi.
  8. a) cleaned — reduced which were cleaned. cleaning = active, subject match nahi. clean = asal verb.
  9. a) Swimming — participle clause. Swim = asal verb. To swimming galat. Gerund subject = 44.
  10. b) Feeling — reason -ing. Felt = V3, alag karta ka risk. Feel = asal verb.
Fill-in
  1. Walking — -ing clause.
  2. Having finished — pehle.
  3. Built — passive V3.
  4. sitting — who is sitting se who is hata diya.
  5. Walking to the station, I opened my umbrella. / As I was walking to the station, the rain started. — karta match, ya full 38 clause.
Model sentences
  1. Walking to the station, I saw Ravi.
  2. Having finished dinner, we watched the match.
  3. Built last year, the metro station is crowded.

Check: -ing = same time / reason, active; having + V3 = pehle; V3 = passive; Not knowing; same karta (subject match); reduced who is / which was; gerund naam = 44; full who/which = 43; the book I bought = 61; while I was = 38; Never have I = 58; comma extra = 67.