Unit 1: Phonetics and Morphology — Rapid Revision. Exam-night 1-pager: revise in 5 minutes. 🔥 = high priority, ⭐ = important. Sec A me 5 questions × 1.5 marks = 7.5 marks isi unit se aate hain.
⚡ 5-Minute Revision — Top 10 Points
- 🔥 Speech organs: lungs → vocal cords → mouth/nasal cavity. Voiced sounds me vocal cords vibrate hote hain (b, d, g, z), voiceless me nahi (p, t, k, s).
- 🔥 44 speech sounds: 20 vowels + 24 consonants. Vowels = 12 pure vowels + 8 diphthongs.
- ⭐ IPA symbols yaad rakho: /ʃ/ = sh (ship), /ʧ/ = ch (church), /ʤ/ = j (judge), /θ/ = th (think), /ð/ = th (this), /ŋ/ = ng (sing).
- 🔥 Word stress: 2-syllable nouns/adjectives pe pehle syllable pe stress (TA-ble, HAP-py); 2-syllable verbs pe dusre syllable pe (be-GIN, pre-SENT).
- ⭐ Intonation: falling tone = statements, WH-questions, commands; rising tone = yes/no questions, polite requests, lists.
- 🔥 Prefix: word ke shuru me lagta hai, meaning badal deta hai — un- (unhappy), dis- (dislike), re- (rewrite), mis- (misunderstand), pre- (prefix).
- 🔥 Suffix: word ke end me lagta hai, mostly part of speech badal deta hai — -ness (happy→happiness), -ment (develop→development), -able (read→readable), -ful (care→careful), -ly (quick→quickly).
- ⭐ 8 parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection — sentence me word ka kaam dekho, sirf form nahi.
- ⭐ Morpheme: sabse chhoti meaningful unit — free morpheme (book) akela khada ho sakta hai, bound morpheme (-s, un-) nahi ho sakta.
- 🔥 Root + affix formula: un + happi + ness = unhappiness. Exam me "break into morphemes" aaye to root pehle nikalo, phir prefix/suffix alag karo.
📖 Key Definitions
- Phonetics — speech sounds ka scientific study; kaise produce, transmit aur perceive hote hain.
- Morphology — words ki internal structure ka study; morphemes kaise combine hokar words banate hain.
- Phoneme — meaning badalne wali sabse chhoti sound unit; /p/ aur /b/ alag phonemes hain (pat vs bat).
- Diphthong — do vowel sounds ka glide ek syllable me; jaise /aɪ/ (my), /eɪ/ (day), /ɔɪ/ (boy).
- Stress — syllable pe zyada zor/loudness; stress galat to meaning galat (RE-cord noun vs re-CORD verb).
- Intonation — bolte waqt pitch ka upar-neeche hona; sentence ka mood batata hai.
- Affix — prefix + suffix ka common naam; root se judne wala bound morpheme.
🔢 Key Rules to Remember
- Silent letters: k (knife), w (write), b (doubt), p (psychology), h (honest) — spelling me hain, sound me nahi.
- -ed endings: /t/ (walked), /d/ (played), /ɪd/ (wanted) — last sound ke hisaab se pronounce hota hai.
- -s endings: /s/ (books), /z/ (dogs), /ɪz/ (watches) — same rule, last sound dekho.
- Stress shift: noun/verb pairs me stress shift hota hai — CON-duct (noun) vs con-DUCT (verb), OB-ject vs ob-JECT.
- Prefix meaning kabhi part of speech nahi badalta; suffix mostly badal deta hai (noun→adjective, verb→noun).
- Compound words: do free morphemes milkar ek word — blackboard, football, rainfall.
🔥 Priority Topics
- 🔥 IPA transcription: har saal 1–2 words transcribe karne aate hain — /ʃ, ʧ, ʤ, θ, ð, ŋ/ wale words practice karo.
- 🔥 Word stress marking: primary stress (') lagana — 2-syllable noun vs verb rule pakka karo.
- 🔥 Prefix/suffix se word formation: diye gaye root se 2–3 naye words banao — un-, dis-, -ness, -ment, -able sabse common.
- ⭐ Morpheme breakdown: 1 long word diya jayega — root, prefix, suffix alag karo.
- ⭐ Intonation patterns: kaunsa sentence rising/falling tone lega — yes/no vs WH question rule.