Elementary Computer Applications

Q. 1. Information Technology is —

सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी है —

a) the use of computers, storage, software and telecommunication to create, process, store, secure and exchange electronic data — कंप्यूटर, भंडारण, सॉफ्टवेयर और दूरसंचार से इलेक्ट्रॉनिक डेटा बनाना, संसाधित करना, रखना, सुरक्षित करना और आदान-प्रदान करना b) only the metal cabinet of a lab PC — केवल लैब PC का धातु कैबिनेट c) only a mouse, with no software — केवल माउस, बिना सॉफ्टवेयर d) only a printer, with no storage or telecommunication — केवल प्रिंटर, बिना भंडारण या दूरसंचार

Information Technology is the use of computers, storage, software and telecommunication to create, process, store, secure and exchange electronic data. A computer is the central tool of IT, not the whole of IT. Hardware you can touch is only one part.

Q. 2. Which line is information rather than raw data?

कौन-सी पंक्ति information है, कच्चा data नहीं?

a) 2145 — 2145 b) Anil Sharma, roll 2145, must score at least 36 marks out of 100 — Anil Sharma, रोल 2145, 100 में कम से कम 36 अंक लाने हैं c) 36 — 36 d) Bikaner — बीकानेर

Data are raw, unorganised facts: 2145, 36, Bikaner. Information is data processed so that it is meaningful, timely and useful: “Anil Sharma, roll 2145, must score at least 36 marks out of 100.”

Q. 3. GIGO means —

GIGO का अर्थ है —

a) the CPU invents a new passing rule on its own — CPU स्वयं नया उत्तीर्ण नियम बनाता है b) ROM forgets data when power is on — बिजली रहते ROM डेटा भूलती है c) garbage in, garbage out: a wrong roll typed is processed at full speed — garbage in, garbage out: गलत रोल टाइप हो तो उसी गलत रोल को पूरी गति से चलाया जाएगा d) only printers make arithmetic errors — केवल प्रिंटर अंकगणित की गलती करते हैं

GIGO means garbage in, garbage out. A computer has no intelligence of its own: if a wrong roll number is typed, it will process that wrong roll at full speed. It cannot decide a new rule that was never programmed.

Q. 4. Sinha’s working definition of a computer names the jobs —

Sinha की कंप्यूटर परिभाषा जिन कामों को नाम करती है वे हैं —

a) browse, search, mail and chat only — केवल ब्राउज़, खोज, मेल, चैट b) only print and scan — केवल छापना और स्कैन c) LAN, MAN and WAN only — केवल LAN, MAN, WAN d) input, process, output and storage, with a stored program of instructions — निवेश, संसाधन, निर्गम और भंडारण, संचित निर्देशों के प्रोग्राम के साथ

A computer is an electronic device that accepts data as input, processes it according to a stored program, gives information as output, and keeps data and instructions in storage. Those jobs are input, process, output and storage.

Q. 5. Firmware on a PC is —

PC पर firmware है —

a) a small program sitting in ROM, used when the machine starts (BIOS tests hardware and loads the OS) — ROM में बैठा छोटा प्रोग्राम, चालू होते समय (BIOS हार्डवेयर जाँच कर OS लादता है) b) any Word file on the hard disk — डिस्क की कोई भी Word फ़ाइल c) application software such as a word processor — वर्ड प्रोसेसर जैसा एप्लिकेशन सॉफ्टवेयर d) the running assignment in RAM — RAM में चल रहा असाइनमेंट

Firmware is a small program sitting in ROM, used when the machine starts. On a PC this start-up code is BIOS: it tests hardware and loads the operating system from disk. Hardware is the body you can touch; software is the set of ordinary programs.

Q. 6. Babbage’s Analytical Engine is —

Babbage का Analytical Engine है —

a) the first-generation vacuum-tube PC — पहली पीढ़ी का vacuum-tube PC b) an ancestor calculating aid, not one of the five electronic generations — पूर्वज गणना-सहायक, पाँच इलेक्ट्रॉनिक पीढ़ियों में से एक नहीं c) a fifth-generation ULSI phone — पाँचवीं पीढ़ी का ULSI फोन d) fourth-generation microprocessor hardware — चौथी पीढ़ी का microprocessor हार्डवेयर

The five generations begin when the switch inside the machine becomes electronic. Before them sit only calculating aids — abacus, Pascal’s adder, Babbage’s Analytical Engine — ancestors, not the five generations.

Q. 7. The main switching device of the first generation is the —

पहली पीढ़ी का मुख्य स्विच है —

a) transistor — transistor b) integrated circuit — integrated circuit c) vacuum tube — vacuum tube d) microprocessor — microprocessor

The first generation (about 1940–1956) uses the vacuum tube as its switch. Machines were huge, hot and hungry for power; the language was machine language (0 and 1). Named machines: ENIAC (1946) and UNIVAC I (1951).

Q. 8. The second generation takes its name from the —

दूसरी पीढ़ी का नाम आता है —

a) vacuum tube only — केवल vacuum tube b) microprocessor on one chip — एक चिप पर microprocessor c) ULSI parallel AI phones — ULSI समांतर AI फोन d) transistor (assembly and early FORTRAN/COBOL; magnetic core; batch work) — transistor (assembly और शुरुआती FORTRAN/COBOL; चुंबकीय कोर; batch काम)

The second generation (about 1956–1963) uses the transistor as its switch. Transistors are smaller, cooler and more reliable than tubes. Memory is magnetic core. Languages rise to assembly and the first high-level languages: FORTRAN and COBOL. Batch processing is the common way of work.

Q. 9. The third generation is named by the —

तीसरी पीढ़ी का नाम है —

a) integrated circuit (IC); operating systems, multiprogramming and time-sharing appear — integrated circuit (IC); ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम, बहु-प्रोग्रामिंग और time-sharing आते हैं b) vacuum tube as the only switch — केवल vacuum tube c) a new phone model of the same microprocessor family — उसी माइक्रोप्रोसेसर परिवार का नया फोन मॉडल d) the microprocessor on one chip (that is the fourth generation) — एक चिप पर microprocessor (वह चौथी पीढ़ी है)

The third generation (about 1964–1971) uses the integrated circuit: many transistors on one silicon chip. Keyboards and monitors become ordinary. Operating systems appear; multiprogramming and time-sharing let more than one program share the CPU. IBM System/360 is a named mainframe of this generation.

Q. 10. The fourth generation takes its name from the —

चौथी पीढ़ी का नाम आता है —

a) vacuum tube — vacuum tube b) microprocessor: a whole CPU on one chip (Intel 4004, 1971), LSI then VLSI — microprocessor: एक चिप पर पूरा CPU (Intel 4004, 1971), LSI फिर VLSI c) only magnetic drum memory — केवल चुंबकीय ड्रम स्मृति d) ULSI parallel hardware as the only switch (that is the fifth-generation aim) — केवल ULSI समांतर हार्डवेयर (वह पाँचवीं पीढ़ी का लक्ष्य है)

The fourth generation takes its name from the microprocessor: a whole CPU on one chip (Intel 4004, 1971), built with LSI and then VLSI. The IBM PC, GUI and mouse sit here. A new model of the same microprocessor family is still fourth-generation hardware, not a new generation.

Q. 11. The fifth generation is best named by —

पाँचवीं पीढ़ी का सबसे सही नाम है —

a) the phone bought last year — पिछले साल खरीदा फोन b) vacuum tubes in a room-sized machine — कमरे जितनी मशीन में vacuum tubes c) ULSI chips, parallel processing, huge memory, and an aim toward artificial intelligence — ULSI चिप, समांतर संसाधन, विशाल स्मृति, कृत्रिम बुद्धि का लक्ष्य d) only punched-card batch rooms — केवल पंच-कार्ड batch कक्ष

The fifth generation is named by ULSI chips, parallel processing, huge memory, and an aim toward artificial intelligence and a more natural-language interface. It is not “the phone you bought last year.” A new phone model is still fourth-generation hardware in the switching sense.

Q. 12. A smartphone in a student’s bag is classed as a —

विद्यार्थी के बैग का स्मार्टफोन वर्ग है —

a) minicomputer, because the word mini means small — minicomputer, क्योंकि mini का अर्थ छोटा है b) mainframe, because it can go online — mainframe, क्योंकि ऑनलाइन जा सकता है c) supercomputer, because it has a camera — supercomputer, क्योंकि कैमरा है d) microcomputer (one microprocessor; classically one person) — microcomputer (एक माइक्रोप्रोसेसर; क्लासिक एक व्यक्ति)

A microcomputer is built around a single microprocessor and is meant, classically, for one person at a time. The lab desktop, a laptop, a tablet and a smartphone are all microcomputers. Mini is the next rung: midrange, multi-user, department-level — not a synonym for small, and not a phone.

Q. 13. A minicomputer is —

Minicomputer है —

a) a midrange multi-user machine (department-level), not a synonym for a phone — मध्यम बहु-उपयोगकर्ता मशीन (विभाग-स्तर), फोन का पर्याय नहीं b) any smartphone — कोई भी स्मार्टफोन c) a mainframe for lakhs of bank records all day — दिन भर लाखों बैंक रिकॉर्ड वाला mainframe d) a supercomputer (fastest class; FLOPS; PARAM) — supercomputer (सबसे तेज़ वर्ग; FLOPS; PARAM)

A minicomputer is a midrange, multi-user machine: tens or a few hundreds of users, more storage and I/O than a PC, less than a mainframe. The word mini is relative to mainframe, not to a phone. Mini means medium size, multi-user, department-level.

Q. 14. A bank or railway reservation system that runs many terminals all day is typically a —

बैंक या रेल आरक्षण जो दिन भर कई टर्मिनल चलाए प्रायः है —

a) microcomputer used only to type a letter — केवल पत्र टाइप करने वाला microcomputer b) mainframe — mainframe c) minicomputer for one lab PC only — केवल एक लैब PC वाला minicomputer d) supercomputer used only to type a letter — केवल पत्र टाइप करने वाला supercomputer

A mainframe is a large, very reliable system for an organisation that must run many jobs and many terminals at once: a bank, the railways, a census, an examination board. I/O capacity is huge because the work is lakhs of records, not one student’s file. It is not “a very big PC.”

Q. 15. India’s PARAM series from C-DAC is an example of a —

भारत की PARAM श्रृंखला (C-DAC) उदाहरण है —

a) microcomputer — microcomputer b) minicomputer — minicomputer c) supercomputer (fastest class; FLOPS; massively parallel) — supercomputer (सबसे तेज़ वर्ग; FLOPS; भारी समांतर) d) mainframe that only prints letters — केवल पत्र छापने वाला mainframe

A supercomputer is the fastest class, built for scientific and engineering jobs. The measure is FLOPS (floating-point operations per second). Architecture is massively parallel. India’s PARAM series from C-DAC is the Indian example; Cray is an older international name. A mainframe processes huge numbers of business records; a supercomputer runs a few enormous scientific calculations at the highest speed.

Q. 16. The stored-program (von Neumann) model names five functional units —

संचित-प्रोग्राम (von Neumann) मॉडल पाँच कार्यात्मक इकाइयाँ नाम करता है —

a) only LAN, MAN and WAN — केवल LAN, MAN, WAN b) only B2B and B2C — केवल B2B और B2C c) only Strict, Transitional and Frameset — केवल Strict, Transitional, Frameset d) input, output, memory, ALU and control unit — निवेश, निर्गम, स्मृति, ALU और नियंत्रण इकाई

The stored-program (von Neumann) model has five functional units: input, output, memory, ALU, and control unit. Instructions and data live in the same memory. The CPU fetches an instruction, decodes it, executes it, then fetches the next — the fetch–decode–execute cycle.

Q. 17. The ALU inside the CPU —

CPU के अंदर ALU —

a) does arithmetic (add, subtract, multiply, divide) and logic (AND, OR, NOT, compare, shift) — अंकगणित (जोड़, घटाना, गुणा, भाग) और तर्क (AND, OR, NOT, तुलना, shift) करता है b) is the metal cabinet — धातु कैबिनेट है c) only stores overnight files on tape — केवल टेप पर रात भर फ़ाइलें रखता है d) is the control unit (the CU does not add) — नियंत्रण इकाई है (CU जोड़ती नहीं)

The CPU is ALU + control unit + registers. The ALU does arithmetic and logic. The control unit fetches, decodes and times; it does not itself add numbers. The CPU is the processor chip, not the metal cabinet that holds motherboard, RAM, disk and power.

Q. 18. The control unit —

नियंत्रण इकाई —

a) is another name for the ALU’s adder — ALU के योजक का दूसरा नाम है b) fetches, decodes and times instructions; it does not itself add numbers — निर्देश लाती, खोलती और समय बाँधती है; स्वयं संख्या नहीं जोड़ती c) only stores overnight files on tape — केवल टेप पर रात भर फ़ाइलें रखती है d) is volatile RAM — वाष्पशील RAM है

The control unit does not add numbers. It directs: it reads the instruction, decides which part of the ALU or memory must work, and times the steps with the system clock. Clock speed is given in GHz on a modern micro, or in MHz on older machines.

Q. 19. Which bus carries the actual bytes being moved (an instruction, a number, a character)?

कौन-सी बस वास्तविक बाइट्स ढोती है (निर्देश, संख्या, अक्षर)?

a) address bus (that carries the location) — address bus (वह स्थान ढोती है) b) control bus (commands and status: read, write, interrupt, clock) — control bus (आदेश और स्थिति: पढ़ो, लिखो, interrupt, घड़ी) c) data bus — data bus d) cache memory — cache स्मृति

The address bus carries the location: which memory cell or which device. The data bus carries the actual bytes (an instruction, a number, a character). The control bus carries commands and status: read, write, interrupt, clock.

Q. 20. RAM is —

RAM है —

a) non-volatile firmware that never needs power — बिना बिजली सदा रहने वाला firmware b) only magnetic tape for backup — केवल बैकअप की चुंबकीय टेप c) read-only factory Mask ROM — कारखाने की केवल-पढ़ने योग्य Mask ROM d) read-and-write, volatile working store: when power goes, the contents go — पढ़ने-लिखने योग्य, वाष्पशील कार्य-भंडार: बिजली जाए तो सामग्री जाए

RAM is read-and-write, volatile working store: when power goes, the contents go, so an unsaved assignment vanishes. DRAM is cheap main memory and must refresh; SRAM is faster and dearer and is used in cache. A USB pen drive is secondary storage, not RAM.

Q. 21. EPROM is erased by —

EPROM मिटती है —

a) ultraviolet light through a quartz window, then it can be programmed again — क्वार्ट्ज खिड़की से पराबैंगनी प्रकाश से, फिर फिर से प्रोग्राम हो सकती है b) electrical erase without UV (that is EEPROM or flash) — बिना UV विद्युत मिटान (वह EEPROM या flash है) c) emptying RAM when power stays on — बिजली रहते RAM खाली करना d) Mask ROM at the factory a second time — Mask ROM को कारखाने में दूसरी बार

ROM is non-volatile. Kinds: Mask ROM (factory, cannot change), PROM (programmed once), EPROM (UV erase through a quartz window), EEPROM and flash (electrical erase). BIOS start-up code lives in ROM (firmware). A pen drive is secondary storage; the flash technology is shared.

Q. 22. Cache memory sits —

Cache स्मृति बैठती है —

a) only on magnetic tape in a far store — केवल दूर स्टोर की चुंबकीय टेप पर b) between the CPU and main RAM, as small fast SRAM (L1 on chip, then L2, L3) — CPU और मुख्य RAM के बीच, छोटी तेज़ SRAM (L1 चिप पर, फिर L2, L3) c) in place of the ALU — ALU की जगह d) in place of secondary disk as the only store — द्वितीयक डिस्क की जगह एकमात्र भंडार

Cache is a small, very fast SRAM store between the CPU and main RAM. It keeps copies of the bytes the CPU is using now. Levels: L1 smallest and fastest, on the chip; L2 larger; L3 larger still. Speed order: registers, then cache, then RAM, then secondary. Cache is not a substitute for RAM and not a disk.

Q. 23. Magnetic tape is a typical example of —

चुंबकीय टेप प्रायः उदाहरण है —

a) the fastest store inside the CPU (that is a register) — CPU के अंदर सबसे तेज़ स्मृति (वह रजिस्टर है) b) L1 cache on the chip — चिप पर L1 cache c) sequential access, cheap for bulk backup of a mainframe or college server — क्रमिक पहुँच, mainframe या कॉलेज सर्वर के विशाल बैकअप के लिए सस्ती d) direct access like SSD or disk — SSD या डिस्क जैसी प्रत्यक्ष पहुँच

Magnetic tape is sequential access: to reach file 500 you read 1–499 first. It is cheap for bulk backup of a mainframe or a college server, not for the file you open every minute in the lab. Disk, flash and SSD are direct access: the head can go to a location without reading everything before it.

Q. 24. OMR, OCR and MICR differ because —

OMR, OCR और MICR अलग हैं क्योंकि —

a) all three are printers, not input — तीनों प्रिंटर हैं, निवेश नहीं b) OMR reads magnetic-ink cheque digits (that is MICR) — OMR चेक के चुंबकीय-स्याही अंक पढ़ता है (वह MICR है) c) OCR darkens A/B/C/D bubbles (that is OMR) — OCR A/B/C/D बुलबुले भरता है (वह OMR है) d) OMR reads marks (A/B/C/D bubbles), OCR reads printed letters into text, MICR reads magnetic-ink cheque digits — OMR निशान पढ़ता है (A/B/C/D बुलबुले), OCR छपे अक्षरों को पाठ बनाता है, MICR चेक के चुंबकीय-स्याही अंक पढ़ता है

OMR (Optical Mark Recognition) reads marks on a printed sheet — you darken A, B, C or D. OCR (Optical Character Recognition) turns printed letters into editable text. MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) reads the special magnetic-ink digits at the bottom of a bank cheque. All three are input devices, not printers.

Q. 25. A mouse is a pointing device; a keyboard is —

माउस संकेतक यंत्र है; कीबोर्ड है —

a) input but not pointing — it types character codes, it does not move the pointer as its main job — निवेश है, संकेतक नहीं — अक्षर-कूट टाइप करता है, मुख्य काम सूचक चलाना नहीं b) also a pointing device like a trackball or light pen — ट्रैकबॉल या लाइट पेन जैसा संकेतक भी c) only an output printer — केवल निर्गम प्रिंटर d) only an output monitor — केवल निर्गम मॉनिटर

A pointing device controls a pointer on the screen: mouse, trackball, touchpad, joystick, light pen, digitizing tablet, touch screen. A keyboard is input but not pointing: it types character codes; it does not move the pointer as its main job. The monitor shows the pointer; it does not point.

Q. 26. The base of the hexadecimal system is —

षोडश आधार (hexadecimal) का आधार है —

a) 10 only (that is decimal) — केवल 10 (वह decimal है) b) 16 (digits 0–9 and A–F, where A=10 … F=15) — 16 (अंक 0–9 और A–F, A=10 … F=15) c) 2 only (that is binary) — केवल 2 (वह binary है) d) 8 only (that is octal) — केवल 8 (वह octal है)

Hexadecimal (hex) has base 16. Digits are 0–9 and A–F, where A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, F=15. Decimal has base 10 (0–9), binary base 2 (0 and 1), octal base 8 (0–7). Because 16 = 2⁴, four binary bits make one hex digit.

Q. 27. Binary uses only the digits —

Binary केवल ये अंक चलाता है —

a) 0 through 7 only — केवल 0 से 7 b) 0–9 and A–F — 0–9 और A–F c) 0 and 1 (bits); digit 2 cannot appear in a pure binary number — 0 और 1 (bit); शुद्ध binary में अंक 2 नहीं आ सकता d) 0 through 9 only — केवल 0 से 9

Binary uses only the digits 0 and 1, called bits. A computer is built of switches that are on or off, so two symbols are enough. Digit 2 cannot appear in a pure binary number; digit 8 cannot appear in a pure octal number.

Q. 28. Pass mark 36₁₀ in binary is —

उत्तीर्ण अंक 36₁₀ binary में है —

a) 1100100₂ (that is 100₁₀) — 1100100₂ (वह 100₁₀ है) b) 44₈ (octal, not binary) — 44₈ (octal, binary नहीं) c) 24₁₆ (hex, not binary) — 24₁₆ (hex, binary नहीं) d) 100100₂ — 100100₂

Decimal 36 to binary: divide by 2 and read remainders from bottom to top — 36÷2 → 18 r0; 18÷2 → 9 r0; 9÷2 → 4 r1; 4÷2 → 2 r0; 2÷2 → 1 r0; 1÷2 → 0 r1. Remainders upward give 100100₂ (32+4=36). 1100100₂ is 100₁₀. 44₈ and 24₁₆ are 36 in octal and hex, not binary.

Q. 29. 36₁₀ in octal and hexadecimal is —

36₁₀ octal और hexadecimal में है —

a) 44₈ and 24₁₆ — 44₈ और 24₁₆ b) 144₈ and 64₁₆ (those are 100₁₀) — 144₈ और 64₁₆ (वे 100₁₀ हैं) c) 12₈ and A₁₆ (those are 10₁₀) — 12₈ और A₁₆ (वे 10₁₀ हैं) d) 100100₈ and 36₁₆ — 100100₈ और 36₁₆

36÷8 → 4 remainder 4, then 4÷8 → 0 remainder 4, so 44₈ (4×8+4=36). 36÷16 → 2 remainder 4, so 24₁₆ (2×16+4=36). 144₈ and 64₁₆ are 100 in decimal. 12₈ and A₁₆ are 10 in decimal.

Q. 30. 100₁₀ in binary is —

100₁₀ binary में है —

a) 100100₂ (that is 36₁₀) — 100100₂ (वह 36₁₀ है) b) 1100100₂ — 1100100₂ c) 44₈ — 44₈ d) 861₁₆ — 861₁₆

Decimal 100 to binary: 100÷2 chain of remainders read from bottom to top gives 1100100₂. The same 100 is 144₈ and 64₁₆. 100100₂ is the pass mark 36, not 100.

Q. 31. Hex 2F₁₆ in decimal is —

Hex 2F₁₆ decimal में है —

a) 36₁₀ — 36₁₀ b) 100₁₀ — 100₁₀ c) 47₁₀ (2×16 + 15) — 47₁₀ (2×16 + 15) d) 2145₁₀ — 2145₁₀

Other base → decimal: expand by place value and add. Hex 2F₁₆ = 2×16 + 15 = 47₁₀. Hex 24₁₆ = 2×16 + 4 = 36₁₀. F is 15 in decimal.

Q. 32. To convert binary to octal you group bits —

Binary से octal बदलने को bit समूह करते हो —

a) in fours from the right (that is binary to hex) — दाएँ से चार-चार (वह binary से hex है) b) in tens from the left only — केवल बाएँ से दस-दस c) never; binary cannot become octal — कभी नहीं; binary octal नहीं बन सकता d) in threes from the right (pad the left if needed); 8 = 2³ — दाएँ से तीन-तीन (बाएँ शून्य भर सकते हो); 8 = 2³

Binary to octal: group bits in threes from the right; pad the left with zeros if needed. 8 = 2³, so three bits make one octal digit. Example: 1100100₂ → 001 100 100 → 144₈. Binary to hex groups in fours from the right: 0110 0100 → 64₁₆.

Q. 33. 44₈ to hexadecimal, grouping through binary, is —

44₈ से hexadecimal, binary होकर, है —

a) 24₁₆ — 24₁₆ b) 64₁₆ — 64₁₆ c) 861₁₆ — 861₁₆ d) F₁₆ — F₁₆

Write each octal digit as three bits: 44₈ → 100 100₂. Group those bits in fours from the right: 0010 0100 → 24₁₆. Check through decimal: 44₈ = 4×8+4 = 36₁₀, and 36÷16 = 2 remainder 4 = 24₁₆.

Q. 34. Roll 2145₁₀ in hexadecimal is —

रोल 2145₁₀ hexadecimal में है —

a) 24₁₆ (that is 36₁₀) — 24₁₆ (वह 36₁₀ है) b) 861₁₆ — 861₁₆ c) 64₁₆ (that is 100₁₀) — 64₁₆ (वह 100₁₀ है) d) 100100₂ — 100100₂

2145÷16 → 134 remainder 1; 134÷16 → 8 remainder 6; 8÷16 → 0 remainder 8. Remainders from bottom to top give 861₁₆. The same roll is 100001100001₂ and 4141₈. 24₁₆ is 36 in decimal, not 2145.

Q. 35. AND output is 1 only when —

AND निर्गम 1 तभी जब —

a) at least one input is 1 (that is OR) — कम से कम एक निवेश 1 हो (वह OR है) b) the inputs are different (that is XOR) — निवेश अलग हों (वह XOR है) c) every input is 1 (example: printer prints a mark-sheet only if marks ≥ 36 and fees are paid) — हर निवेश 1 हो (उदाहरण: प्रिंटर अंक-पत्र तभी जब अंक ≥ 36 और शुल्क भरा हो) d) every input is 0 — हर निवेश 0 हो

AND output is 1 only if every input is 1. For two inputs, the output is 1 only when A=1 and B=1; any 0 makes the output 0. Example: the lab printer prints a mark-sheet only if marks ≥ 36 and fees are paid. OR is 1 if at least one input is 1. NOT inverts a single input.

Q. 36. OR output is 1 when —

OR निर्गम 1 होता है जब —

a) every input is 1 and no other case (that is AND) — केवल सभी निवेश 1 हों (वह AND है) b) the inputs are the same (that is XNOR) — निवेश समान हों (वह XNOR है) c) every input is 0 — हर निवेश 0 हो d) at least one input is 1 (0 only when every input is 0) — कम से कम एक निवेश 1 हो (सभी 0 हों तभी निर्गम 0)

OR output is 1 if at least one input is 1. Output is 0 only when all inputs are 0. Example: the door alarm sounds if the window is open or the door is open. AND needs every input 1. NOT inverts one input.

Q. 37. NOT (inverter) on a single input —

एक निवेश पर NOT (इनवर्टर) —

a) gives the opposite: 1 becomes 0, 0 becomes 1 — उलटा देता है: 1 से 0, 0 से 1 b) always outputs 1 — सदैव 1 देता है c) always outputs 0 — सदैव 0 देता है d) is the same as XOR of two equal inputs only — केवल दो समान निवेश के XOR के बराबर है

NOT (inverter) has one input. Output is the opposite: 1 becomes 0, 0 becomes 1. A bar over the name (Ā) marks NOT A. NAND is AND followed by NOT; NOR is OR followed by NOT.

Q. 38. NAND and NOR are called universal gates because —

NAND और NOR universal gates इसलिए कहलाते हैं क्योंकि —

a) they cannot build NOT — वे NOT नहीं बना सकते b) any other gate (AND, OR, NOT, XOR, …) can be built from NAND alone, or from NOR alone — कोई भी दूसरा गेट (AND, OR, NOT, XOR, …) केवल NAND से, या केवल NOR से, बनाया जा सकता है c) they are the same as XOR only — वे केवल XOR के बराबर हैं d) they replace RAM — वे RAM की जगह लेते हैं

NAND and NOR are universal gates: any other gate (AND, OR, NOT, XOR, …) can be built from NAND alone, or from NOR alone. NAND is AND followed by NOT: output is 0 only when every input is 1. NOR is OR followed by NOT: output is 1 only when every input is 0.

Q. 39. For inputs A=1, B=1, XOR and XNOR give —

निवेश A=1, B=1 पर XOR और XNOR देते हैं —

a) XOR = 1 and XNOR = 0 — XOR = 1 और XNOR = 0 b) both 1 always — दोनों सदैव 1 c) XOR = 0 and XNOR = 1 (XOR is 1 when inputs differ) — XOR = 0 और XNOR = 1 (XOR तब 1 जब निवेश अलग) d) both 0 always — दोनों सदैव 0

XOR output is 1 when the inputs are different (01 or 10) and 0 when they are the same (00 or 11). XNOR is the opposite: 1 when the inputs are the same. So for A=1, B=1, XOR = 0 and XNOR = 1.

Q. 40. Machine language (1GL) is —

मशीन भाषा (1GL) है —

a) SQL naming the result more than the steps — परिणाम को चरणों से अधिक नाम करने वाला SQL b) HTML markup tags — HTML मार्कअप टैग c) assembly mnemonics such as ADD without binary — ADD जैसे assembly संकेत, बिना binary d) binary 0 and 1 in the exact pattern one CPU model understands; it needs no translator — binary 0 और 1 उसी पैटर्न में जो एक CPU मॉडल समझे; अनुवादक नहीं चाहिए

Machine language (1GL) is binary: only 0 and 1, in the exact pattern that one CPU model understands. It needs no translator. It is fast to run and painful to write. A program written for one microprocessor will not run on another without change. First-generation machines were programmed this way.

Q. 41. An assembler translates —

Assembler अनुवाद करता है —

a) assembly language (2GL mnemonics such as ADD, SUB, MOV) into machine language — assembly भाषा (2GL संकेत ADD, SUB, MOV) को मशीन भाषा में b) the whole high-level program line by line while it runs (that is an interpreter) — पूरे उच्च-स्तरीय प्रोग्राम को चलते हुए पंक्ति-पंक्ति (वह interpreter है) c) machine language back into assembly (that is disassembly, not the assembler) — मशीन भाषा को assembly में (वह disassembly है, assembler नहीं) d) SQL into HTML — SQL को HTML में

An assembler translates assembly language (2GL) into machine language. Assembly replaces raw bits with mnemonics such as ADD, SUB, MOV, JMP. One assembly line still maps to about one machine instruction. The programmer must still know registers and memory.

Q. 42. A compiler differs from an interpreter because the compiler —

Compiler interpreter से अलग है क्योंकि compiler —

a) translates and runs line by line and stops at the first error while running (that is an interpreter) — पंक्ति-पंक्ति अनुवाद कर चलाता है और पहली त्रुटि पर रुकता है (वह interpreter है) b) translates the whole high-level program into machine code, then you run the result; it can find many errors before the program runs — पूरे उच्च-स्तरीय प्रोग्राम को मशीन कोड में बदलता है, फिर चलाते हो; चलने से पहले कई त्रुटियाँ ढूँढ़ सकता है c) is an assembler for 1GL only — केवल 1GL का assembler है d) never finds errors before the program runs — चलने से पहले त्रुटियाँ कभी नहीं ढूँढ़ता

A compiler translates the whole high-level program into machine code, then you run the result; it can find many errors before the program runs. An interpreter translates and runs line by line (classic BASIC) and stops at the first error it meets while running.

Q. 43. 3GL and 4GL differ because —

3GL और 4GL अलग हैं क्योंकि —

a) 4GL is “the language of a fourth-generation PC” and a PC cannot run 3GL — 4GL “चौथी पीढ़ी के PC की भाषा” है और PC 3GL नहीं चला सकता b) 3GL is only vacuum-tube machine code — 3GL केवल vacuum-tube मशीन कोड है c) 3GL writes how (COBOL, FORTRAN, C, Pascal, Java); 4GL sits closer to what (SQL, report generators) — language generation is not hardware generation — 3GL कैसे लिखता है (COBOL, FORTRAN, C, Pascal, Java); 4GL क्या के निकट है (SQL, रिपोर्ट जनरेटर) — भाषा-पीढ़ी हार्डवेयर-पीढ़ी नहीं d) 4GL is the same as HTML markup — 4GL HTML मार्कअप के बराबर है

A 3GL is a classic high-level procedural language: you write how to do the job step by step — COBOL, FORTRAN, C, Pascal, Java. A 4GL sits closer to what: you name the result more than the steps — SQL, report generators, form tools. 4GL is not “the language of a fourth-generation PC”; a PC can run 3GL. The generation-number of the language is not the generation-number of the hardware.

Q. 44. An operating system is —

ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम है —

a) application software such as a word processor only — केवल वर्ड प्रोसेसर जैसा एप्लिकेशन सॉफ्टवेयर b) firmware sitting in ROM only — केवल ROM में बैठा firmware c) a 1GL on punched cards only — केवल पंच-कार्ड पर 1GL d) system software that manages hardware and gives the user and application programs a way to use that hardware — सिस्टम सॉफ्टवेयर जो हार्डवेयर सँभालता है और उपयोगकर्ता व एप्लिकेशन प्रोग्रामों को उस हार्डवेयर का रास्ता देता है

An operating system is system software that manages the computer’s hardware and gives the user and the application programs a way to use that hardware. It loads programs, allots RAM, keeps named files, talks to keyboard, mouse, monitor and printer, and offers a CUI or GUI. Application software asks the OS; it does not drive the hardware directly.

Q. 45. Batch processing means —

Batch processing का अर्थ है —

a) jobs collected into a pile and run one after another with little or no talk with the user while they run — कामों का ढेर, एक के बाद एक, चलते समय उपयोगकर्ता से बात लगभग नहीं b) many logged-in persons sharing one CPU by time slices (that is time sharing) — कई लॉग-इन व्यक्ति समय-टुकड़ों में एक CPU बाँटें (वह time sharing है) c) more than one CPU working together (that is multiprocessing) — एक से अधिक CPU साथ काम (वह multiprocessing है) d) a single-user GUI with many windows open (that is multitasking) — एक उपयोगकर्ता का GUI, कई खिड़कियाँ खुली (वह multitasking है)

Batch processing collects jobs into a pile and runs them one after another with little or no conversation with the user while they run. The user prepares a job, submits it, and collects the output later. You do not sit at the screen to correct a typing error in the middle of the run. Second-generation rooms worked this way.

Q. 46. A classic lab PC running desktop Windows is —

डेस्कटॉप Windows चलाने वाला क्लासिक लैब PC है —

a) time sharing of many logged-in persons on that one cabinet — उस एक कैबिनेट पर कई लॉग-इन व्यक्तियों का time sharing b) single user (one person at the keyboard), even if several programs are open (multitasking) — single user (कीबोर्ड पर एक व्यक्ति), भले कई प्रोग्राम खुले (multitasking) c) only punched-card batch — केवल पंच-कार्ड batch d) a supercomputer — supercomputer

Desktop Windows on a lab PC is a single-user OS with a GUI: one person at the keyboard, even if several programs are open (multitasking). MS-DOS is the CUI single-user example. A classmate cannot log in as a second person on that same cabinet the way many terminals on a mainframe can. That many-user sharing of one CPU is time sharing.

Q. 47. Multiprocessing means —

Multiprocessing का अर्थ है —

a) more than one program in memory while one CPU waits for disk (that is multiprogramming) — एक CPU डिस्क की प्रतीक्षा करे तब स्मृति में एक से अधिक प्रोग्राम (वह multiprogramming है) b) only one user and one program ever — सदैव केवल एक उपयोगकर्ता और एक प्रोग्राम c) more than one CPU working together — एक से अधिक CPU साथ काम d) time sharing of many users on one CPU — एक CPU पर कई उपयोगकर्ताओं का time sharing

Multiprocessing means more than one processor (CPU) working together on jobs, so two ALUs can run at once. A dual-core lab PC is a small multiprocessing machine. Multiprogramming is different: more than one program kept in memory so the CPU is not idle while one program waits for a disk. Multiprocessing is more than one CPU.

Q. 48. Time sharing means —

Time sharing का अर्थ है —

a) Windows on one desk with two windows open for one user (that is multitasking) — एक डेस्क के Windows पर एक उपयोगकर्ता की दो खिड़कियाँ (वह multitasking है) b) only overnight batch with no terminals — केवल रात भर batch, बिना टर्मिनल c) more than one CPU working together (that is multiprocessing) — एक से अधिक CPU साथ काम (वह multiprocessing है) d) many users (or many programs) share one CPU by short time slices, round and round — कई उपयोगकर्ता (या प्रोग्राम) एक CPU को छोटे समय-टुकड़ों में बाँटें, चक्कर

Time sharing means many users (or many programs) share one CPU by short time slices, round and round, so each user feels the machine is theirs. A minicomputer or mainframe with many terminals is the picture. Windows on one desk with two windows open is multitasking for one user, not time sharing of many logged-in persons.

Q. 49. Windows is —

Windows है —

a) Microsoft’s family of GUI operating systems for microcomputers (WIMP: windows, icons, menus, pointer) — माइक्रो कंप्यूटर के लिए Microsoft का GUI ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम परिवार (WIMP: खिड़कियाँ, आइकन, मेनू, सूचक) b) the Internet itself — इंटरनेट स्वयं c) HTML markup language — HTML मार्कअप भाषा d) the older CUI operating system (that is DOS) — पुराना CUI ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम (वह DOS है)

Windows is Microsoft’s family of GUI operating systems for microcomputers. You work with windows, icons, menus and a pointer (WIMP). After log-in you see the desktop, taskbar and Start; Explorer shows files and folders; Control Panel (or Settings) changes date, display, printer and mouse. Shut down through Start so that files in RAM are written back to disk. Windows is not the Internet and not HTML. DOS is the older CUI operating system.

Q. 50. Control Panel (or Settings) on Windows is used to —

Windows पर Control Panel (या Settings) का उपयोग है —

a) browse named files in Explorer (that is Explorer, not Control Panel) — Explorer में नामित फ़ाइलें देखना (वह Explorer है, Control Panel नहीं) b) change date, display, printer and mouse — तारीख, डिस्प्ले, प्रिंटर और माउस बदलना c) join unlike mail protocols as a gateway — गेटवे की तरह उलटी मेल-प्रणालियाँ जोड़ना d) choose Internet routes as a router does — राउटर की तरह इंटरनेट के मार्ग चुनना

Control Panel (or Settings in later Windows) changes date, display, printers and mouse. The taskbar usually sits at the bottom: Start button, running programs, clock. Shut down through Start so that files in RAM are written back to disk, because RAM is volatile.

Q. 51. The Internet is best described as —

इंटरनेट सबसे सही है —

a) one company’s single wire — एक कंपनी का एक तार b) only the WWW — केवल WWW c) a worldwide network of networks using agreed protocols (TCP/IP) — सहमत प्रोटोकॉल (TCP/IP) से नेटवर्कों का विश्वव्यापी जाल d) only a search engine — केवल सर्च इंजन

The Internet is a worldwide network of networks joined by agreed protocols so that data can move. That protocol family is TCP/IP. It is not one company’s wire and not only the WWW. E-mail, the WWW and search engines are services on the Internet. The Internet existed before the WWW.

Q. 52. An e-mail address has the shape —

ई-मेल पते का आकार है —

a) http:// then a path (that is a URL) — http:// फिर पथ (वह URL है) b) C:\ only — केवल C:\ c) a roll number with no @ — @ के बिना केवल रोल संख्या d) user@domain — user@domain

An e-mail address has the shape user@domain. To is the main recipient; Cc (carbon copy) sends a visible copy; Bcc (blind carbon copy) sends a copy the other names do not see. SMTP is the protocol for sending; POP or IMAP for fetching mail to a PC. E-mail is not a web page: you can send mail without opening the WWW.

Q. 53. Bcc on an e-mail —

ई-मेल पर Bcc —

a) sends a copy the other To/Cc names do not see — ऐसी प्रति भेजता है जिसे दूसरे To/Cc नाम न देखें b) is the only way to attach a .docx — .docx जोड़ने का एकमात्र तरीका है c) is the same as To (every name is visible) — To के बराबर है (हर नाम दिखे) d) is SMTP itself — स्वयं SMTP है

To is the main recipient; Cc (carbon copy) sends a visible copy; Bcc (blind carbon copy) sends a copy the other To/Cc names do not see. An attachment is a file that rides with the message. Inbox, sent, draft and trash are the usual folders.

Q. 54. The WWW is —

WWW है —

a) the whole Internet including only e-mail — पूरा इंटरनेट जिसमें केवल ई-मेल हो b) a service of linked pages, URL, HTTP and HTML on the Internet — not the whole Internet — इंटरनेट पर जुड़े पृष्ठों, URL, HTTP और HTML की सेवा — पूरा इंटरनेट नहीं c) a 3GL compiled like C — C जैसा कंपाइल 3GL d) only e-mail with no pages — केवल ई-मेल, बिना पृष्ठ

The WWW (World Wide Web) is a service on the Internet that joins pages of text, pictures and links. A web page is one document; a website is a set of related pages; the home page is the front door. A hyperlink is the clickable jump. A URL is the address of a page. HTTP is the protocol that fetches web pages; HTML is the language those pages are written in. The WWW is not the whole Internet.

Q. 55. A web browser differs from a search engine because the browser —

वेब ब्राउज़र सर्च इंजन से अलग है क्योंकि ब्राउज़र —

a) is TCP/IP itself — स्वयं TCP/IP है b) is only Windows Explorer’s file tree — केवल Windows Explorer का फ़ाइल-पेड़ है c) is the program that requests a URL and draws the HTML page; a search engine is a website that finds other pages — वह प्रोग्राम है जो URL माँगे और HTML पृष्ठ खींचे; सर्च इंजन वह वेबसाइट है जो दूसरे पृष्ठ ढूँढ़े d) is the search engine itself — स्वयं सर्च इंजन है

A web browser is application software that requests a URL, receives HTML, and draws the page on the screen. Named browsers: Internet Explorer; a lab today also has Edge, Chrome or Firefox. A search engine is a website that finds other pages (Google, Bing, Yahoo). You use the search engine through a browser; the search engine is not itself the browser window.

Q. 56. HTML is —

HTML है —

a) a 3GL the CPU compiles like C — C जैसा 3GL जिसे CPU कंपाइल करे b) machine language — मशीन भाषा c) a WAN topology — WAN टोपोलॉजी d) markup: tags that tell the browser how to show a page — मार्कअप: टैग जो ब्राउज़र को पृष्ठ दिखाना बताएँ

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the language of ordinary web pages. Markup means you wrap content in tags that tell the browser how to show it; it is not a 3GL the CPU compiles like C. A simple HTML program is a small page saved as a .html file and opened in a browser. A static page is the same file for every visitor; a dynamic page is built on the server when asked. HTML 4 document types: Strict, Transitional, Frameset.

Q. 57. HTML 4 document types include —

HTML 4 दस्तावेज़-प्रकारों में हैं —

a) Strict, Transitional and Frameset — Strict, Transitional और Frameset b) only batch, single user and time sharing — केवल batch, single user, time sharing c) only AND, OR and NOT — केवल AND, OR, NOT d) only LAN, MAN and WAN — केवल LAN, MAN, WAN

HTML 4 document type declarations: Strict (clean structure, little old formatting), Transitional (older tags still allowed), Frameset (the page is a frameset). The declaration sits at the top so the browser knows which rules to apply. A static page is the same HTML file every visitor receives; a dynamic page is built on the server when asked.

Q. 58. The title element of an HTML page is —

HTML पृष्ठ का title तत्व है —

a) the same as <h1> inside the body — body के भीतर <h1> के बराबर b) the text on the browser tab, sitting in the head — not an on-page heading — ब्राउज़र टैब का पाठ, head में — पृष्ठ के भीतर का शीर्षक नहीं c) the URL of the page in the address bar — address bar में पृष्ठ का URL d) a style sheet that colours the heading — शीर्षक रंगने वाली स्टाइल शीट

The title is the text on the browser tab. It sits in the head, not as a heading inside the body. <h1> to <h6> are on-page headings. The skeleton is html around everything; head (information about the page) then body (what the visitor sees).

Q. 59. A hyperlink in HTML is written with —

HTML में हाइपरलिंक लिखा जाता है —

a) only <br> — केवल <br> b) only <hr> — केवल <hr> c) <a href="notice.html">Notice</a> — href holds the address the click opens — <a href="notice.html">Notice</a> — href वह पता है जो क्लिक खोले d) only <title> — केवल <title>

A hyperlink is written <a href="notice.html">Notice</a>. The href attribute holds the address the click should open — the HTML form of the WWW hyperlink. <br> is a line break; <hr> is a horizontal rule; <title> is the tab text.

Q. 60. Character formatting tags in HTML include —

HTML में अक्षर-रूप टैगों में हैं —

a) only <frameset> — केवल <frameset> b) only <table> — केवल <table> c) only <form> — केवल <form> d) <b> bold, <i> italic, <u> underline, <sup> superscript, <sub> subscript — <b> मोटा, <i> तिरछा, <u> रेखांकित, <sup> ऊपरी, <sub> निचला

Type and character formatting: headings <h1> to <h6>; paragraph <p>; line break <br>. Character: <b> bold, <i> italic, <u> underline, <sup> superscript, <sub> subscript (36₁₀ in number systems). Some elements are empty: <br>, <hr>, <img>.

Q. 61. An HTML table’s row and data cell tags are —

HTML टेबल की पंक्ति और डेटा-कोशिका टैग हैं —

a) tr and td (th for a header cell) — tr और td (शीर्षक कोशिका th) b) frameset and frame — frameset और frame c) form and input only — केवल form और input d) style and link only — केवल style और link

A table is wrapped in <table>. <tr> is a row; <th> a header cell; <td> a data cell. Named attributes: border, cellpadding, cellspacing, align, width. A two-column lab table can list Roll / Name, then 2145 / Anil Sharma.

Q. 62. A frameset document —

Frameset दस्तावेज़ —

a) is the same as a style sheet — स्टाइल शीट के बराबर है b) splits the browser window into named rectangles, each showing its own HTML file — ब्राउज़र खिड़की को नामित आयतों में बाँटता है, प्रत्येक अपनी HTML फ़ाइल दिखाता है c) sends GET data the way a form does — फॉर्म की तरह GET डेटा भेजता है d) is compiled like C as a 3GL — C जैसी 3GL की तरह कंपाइल होता है

A frameset document splits the browser window into named rectangles, each showing its own HTML file. The outer file uses <frameset> with rows or cols (for example cols="25%,75%") and <frame src="menu.html"> for each pane. <noframes> holds text for a browser that cannot show frames. Frameset is also an HTML 4 document type.

Q. 63. On an HTML form, GET and POST differ because —

HTML फॉर्म पर GET और POST अलग हैं क्योंकि —

a) POST is only for images — POST केवल चित्रों के लिए है b) GET never appears in the address bar — GET address bar में कभी नहीं दिखता c) GET appends data to the URL; POST sends data in the body of the request (usual for a password) — GET डेटा URL से चिपकाता है; POST अनुरोध के शरीर में भेजता है (पासवर्ड के लिए यही) d) they are two names for CSS — CSS के दो नाम हैं

A form collects input and sends it to a program (the action URL). GET appends the data to the URL, so it can be seen in the address bar. POST sends the data in the body of the request — the usual choice for a password. Controls include text, password, radio, checkbox, submit, reset, textarea and select.

Q. 64. Style sheets (CSS) are used to —

स्टाइल शीट (CSS) का उपयोग है —

a) replace HTML structure entirely — HTML संरचना पूरी तरह हटाना b) compile HTML as if it were a 3GL such as C — HTML को C जैसी 3GL मानकर कंपाइल करना c) send GET form data instead of look — दिखने की जगह GET फॉर्म डेटा भेजना d) separate look (colour, font) from HTML structure — inline, internal or external — दिखना (रंग, फ़ॉन्ट) HTML संरचना से अलग — inline, internal या external

Style sheets separate look from HTML structure. Three places: inline — a style attribute on one tag; internal — a <style> block in the head for that page; external — a .css file linked from many pages. HTML says this is a heading; the style sheet says the heading is blue.

Q. 65. A college computer lab — a row of PCs, a printer, a switch — is typically a —

कॉलेज कंप्यूटर लैब — PC की पंक्ति, प्रिंटर, स्विच — प्रायः है —

a) LAN — LAN b) WAN covering a country — देश ढकने वाला WAN c) MAN covering a city — शहर ढकने वाला MAN d) the Internet as one lab cable — एक लैब केबल जैसा इंटरनेट

A LAN (Local Area Network) covers a small area: one lab, one floor, one college building. Speed is high; it is usually owned by one organisation. The college computer lab — a row of PCs, a printer, a switch — is a LAN. A MAN covers a city; a WAN covers a country or the world (the Internet is a WAN).

Q. 66. A MAN typically covers —

MAN प्रायः ढकता है —

a) only one PC cabinet — केवल एक PC कैबिनेट b) a city (larger than a lab LAN, smaller than a country-wide WAN) — एक शहर (लैब LAN से बड़ा, देश-व्यापी WAN से छोटा) c) only one lab LAN — केवल एक लैब LAN d) the whole Internet as one LAN — पूरा इंटरनेट एक LAN की तरह

A MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) covers a city — larger than a lab LAN, smaller than a country-wide WAN. A LAN is one lab or building; a WAN uses hired long-distance links. The three types named are LAN, MAN and WAN.

Q. 67. A WAN is not merely a large LAN because a WAN typically —

WAN केवल बड़ा LAN नहीं क्योंकि WAN प्रायः —

a) uses only cables the college itself laid inside one room — केवल एक कमरे में कॉलेज के स्वयं बिछाए तार चलाता है b) never uses a router — राउटर कभी नहीं चलाता c) uses hired links (leased lines, ISDN, later public Internet) over long distance — लंबी दूरी पर किराए के लिंक (लीज्ड लाइन, ISDN, बाद में सार्वजनिक इंटरनेट) चलाता है d) is only another name for a college lab LAN — कॉलेज लैब LAN का केवल दूसरा नाम है

A WAN (Wide Area Network) is large, even global. It typically uses hired links — leased lines, ISDN, later the public Internet — rather than cables the college itself laid inside one room. Speed is often lower than a LAN; routing matters because the path is long. Railway reservation talking to a far server is WAN.

Q. 68. If the shared backbone of a bus network breaks —

Bus नेटवर्क की साझा रीढ़ टूटे तो —

a) only one PC stops; the rest keep talking on other paths — केवल एक PC रुकता है; बाकी दूसरे मार्गों पर बात करें b) the topology becomes a ring automatically — टोपोलॉजी अपने आप रिंग बन जाती है c) the topology becomes a star automatically — टोपोलॉजी अपने आप स्टार बन जाती है d) the whole bus is silent — पूरा बस चुप

Bus topology uses one shared backbone cable; every station taps it. If that backbone breaks, the whole bus is silent. Only one station should speak at a time or packets collide.

Q. 69. In star topology each station has its own cable to —

Star टोपोलॉजी में प्रत्येक स्टेशन की केबल जाती है —

a) a central hub or switch — केंद्रीय hub या switch b) two neighbours in a loop only — केवल लूप में दो पड़ोसी c) every other station (full mesh) — हर दूसरे स्टेशन (full mesh) d) a modem on a telephone line only — केवल टेलीफोन लाइन पर मॉडेम

In star topology each station has its own cable to a central hub or switch. A hub repeats every incoming bit to every port; a switch forwards a frame only toward the destination port. A modern college lab is almost always a star around a switch. If one PC cable fails, the others live; if the centre fails, all stop.

Q. 70. A hub differs from a switch because a hub —

Hub switch से अलग है क्योंकि hub —

a) forwards a frame only toward the destination port (that is a switch) — फ्रेम केवल गंतव्य पोर्ट की ओर भेजता है (वह switch है) b) repeats every incoming bit to every port; a switch forwards a frame only toward the destination port — हर आने वाला bit हर पोर्ट पर दोहराता है; switch फ्रेम केवल गंतव्य पोर्ट की ओर भेजता है c) joins unlike protocols (that is a gateway) — उलटी भाषा जोड़ता है (वह गेटवे है) d) turns bits into a telephone wave (that is a modem) — bit को टेलीफोन तरंग बनाता है (वह मॉडेम है)

A hub repeats every incoming bit to every port. A switch forwards a frame only toward the destination port, so other PCs are not flooded with that traffic. A modern college lab is almost always a star around a switch, not around a hub.

Q. 71. In ring topology each station joins —

Ring टोपोलॉजी में प्रत्येक स्टेशन जुड़ता है —

a) only a central hub, never a neighbour — केवल केंद्रीय hub, पड़ोसी कभी नहीं b) every pair of stations (that is full mesh) — हर जोड़े का स्टेशन (वह full mesh है) c) two neighbours in a loop; a single break can stop the ring unless a second ring is built for backup — लूप में दो पड़ोसियों से; एक टूट से रिंग रुक सकती है जब तक दूसरी रिंग बैकअप न हो d) a shared backbone only (that is bus) — केवल साझा रीढ़ (वह bus है)

Ring topology: each station joins two neighbours in a loop. A token or a turn to speak travels the ring. A single break can stop the ring unless a second ring is built for backup.

Q. 72. Full mesh topology means —

Full mesh टोपोलॉजी का अर्थ है —

a) one shared backbone only — केवल एक साझा रीढ़ b) each station to a central hub only (that is star) — प्रत्येक स्टेशन केवल केंद्रीय hub तक (वह star है) c) two neighbours in a loop only (that is ring) — केवल लूप में दो पड़ोसी (वह ring है) d) every pair of stations has a link — very reliable, expensive, used where a WAN must not fail — हर जोड़े का लिंक — बहुत विश्वसनीय, महँगा, जहाँ WAN रुक न सके

Mesh: many stations link to many others. Full mesh means every pair has a link — very reliable, very expensive, used where a WAN must not fail. Partial mesh is fewer extra links. If one link fails, other paths still run.

Q. 73. A bridge joins —

ब्रिज जोड़ता है —

a) two LAN segments that speak the same protocol, keeping local traffic local — दो LAN खंड जो एक ही प्रोटोकॉल बोलें, स्थानीय ट्रैफिक स्थानीय रखकर b) unlike mail systems as a full translator only (that is a gateway) — केवल अनुवादक की तरह उलटी मेल-प्रणालियाँ (वह गेटवे है) c) digital bits to an analogue telephone wave (that is a modem) — डिजिटल bit को एनालॉग टेलीफोन तरंग (वह मॉडेम है) d) a CPU to cache — CPU को cache

A bridge joins two LAN segments that speak the same protocol (two Ethernet wings of one college). It forwards frames that belong on the other side and keeps local traffic local. A router joins different networks and chooses a path by address. A gateway joins unlike protocols or naming — a translator at the door. A modem turns digital bits into a telephone wave.

Q. 74. A router’s job is to —

राउटर का काम है —

a) only repeat every bit to every port like a hub — hub की तरह हर बिट हर पोर्ट पर दोहराना b) join different networks and choose a path by address — अलग नेटवर्क जोड़ना और पते से मार्ग चुनना c) join two same-protocol LAN segments (that is a bridge) — एक ही प्रोटोकॉल के दो LAN खंड जोड़ना (वह ब्रिज है) d) turn bits into a telephone wave (that is a modem) — bit को टेलीफोन तरंग बनाना (वह मॉडेम है)

A router joins different networks and chooses a path. The Internet is a mesh of routers. A campus router decides whether a packet for the result server goes out on the college WAN link. It reads addresses and forwards; it does not merely repeat every bit to every cable.

Q. 75. A gateway joins —

गेटवे जोड़ता है —

a) only two identical Ethernet wings as a simple bridge — केवल दो समान Ethernet बाँहें जैसे साधारण ब्रिज b) digital bits to an analogue telephone wave (that is a modem) — डिजिटल bit को एनालॉग टेलीफोन तरंग (वह मॉडेम है) c) networks that do not share the same protocol or naming — a translator at the door — वे नेटवर्क जो प्रोटोकॉल या नामकरण साझा न करें — दरवाज़े पर अनुवादक d) only DRAM to SRAM — केवल DRAM को SRAM

A gateway joins networks that do not share the same protocol or the same way of naming — a translator at the door. An e-mail gateway between two mail systems is the picture. All gateways route; not every router is a full gateway. Gateway is the most “different-to-different” of bridge / router / gateway.

Q. 76. A modem’s job is to —

मॉडेम का काम है —

a) choose Internet routes the way a router does — राउटर की तरह इंटरनेट के मार्ग चुनना b) split an HTML window into frames — HTML खिड़की फ्रेम में बाँटना c) join two same-protocol LAN segments as a bridge — ब्रिज की तरह दो समान LAN खंड जोड़ना d) turn the computer’s digital bits into a wave a telephone line can carry, and back — कंप्यूटर के डिजिटल bit को उस तरंग में बदलना जो टेलीफोन लाइन ढोए, और वापस

A modem (modulator–demodulator) turns the computer’s digital bits into a wave a telephone line can carry, and back again. Dial-up Internet used a modem on a phone line. It is both input and output. A modem does not choose Internet routes; a router does.

Q. 77. ISDN is —

ISDN है —

a) a digital telephone-network service that can carry voice and data on the same subscriber line — डिजिटल टेलीफोन-नेटवर्क सेवा जो उसी सब्सक्राइबर लाइन पर आवाज़ और डेटा ढोए b) an analogue modem call only — केवल एनालॉग मॉडेम कॉल c) a microcomputer type — microcomputer का प्रकार d) a LAN cable inside one lab room — एक लैब कमरे के अंदर LAN केबल

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is a digital telephone-network service that can carry voice and data on the same subscriber line, faster and cleaner than an analogue modem call. It is a WAN access method: the college or office rents ISDN from the telecom.

Q. 78. A leased line is —

लीज्ड लाइन है —

a) a circuit you dial fresh for each short call, billed per minute only — हर छोटी कॉल पर नया डायल, केवल मिनट-भाड़ा b) a dedicated always-on circuit rented between two points for exclusive use — दो बिंदुओं के बीच समर्पित हमेशा-चालू सर्किट, केवल अपने लिए किराए पर c) a LAN cable inside one lab room — एक लैब कमरे के अंदर LAN केबल d) an analogue modem call billed only per minute — केवल मिनट-भाड़े वाला एनालॉग मॉडेम कॉल

A leased line is a dedicated circuit the organisation rents for exclusive, always-on use between two points — Bikaner campus to a city data centre, or a bank branch to the mainframe. You do not dial each time. Cost is for the line, not per call. WANs of railways and universities often sit on leased lines.

Q. 79. Videoconferencing differs from teleconferencing because videoconferencing —

वीडियोकॉन्फ्रेंसिंग टेलीकॉन्फ्रेंसिंग से अलग है क्योंकि वीडियोकॉन्फ्रेंसिंग —

a) never uses a network — नेटवर्क कभी नहीं चलाती b) is a fifth type of LAN/MAN/WAN — LAN/MAN/WAN का पाँचवाँ प्रकार है c) needs live pictures as well as sound (camera, mic, speakers, enough bandwidth) — आवाज़ के साथ जीवंत चित्र चाहिए (कैमरा, माइक, स्पीकर, पर्याप्त बैंडविड्थ) d) is audio only, with no pictures (that is teleconferencing) — केवल आवाज़, बिना चित्र (वह टेलीकॉन्फ्रेंसिंग है)

Teleconferencing is a meeting held over a telecommunications link so that people in more than one place take part at the same time; voice is the minimum. Videoconferencing is that meeting plus live pictures: each site needs a camera, a microphone, speakers or headphones, and enough bandwidth. Both are applications of networks, not a fifth type of LAN/MAN/WAN.

Q. 80. Anil buying one Rapidex from a publisher’s website is —

Anil का प्रकाशक की वेबसाइट से एक Rapidex खरीदना है —

a) B2B (firm to firm, as a publisher selling to a college store) — B2B (फर्म से फर्म, प्रकाशक कॉलेज स्टोर को) b) C2C (student to student used book) — C2C (विद्यार्थी से विद्यार्थी पुरानी किताब) c) G2G (office to office) — G2G (दफ्तर से दफ्तर) d) B2C (business to consumer) — B2C (फर्म से व्यक्ति)

E-commerce is buying and selling of goods and services using computers and networks. B2C is a firm selling to a person: the publisher’s site selling one Rapidex to Anil. B2B is firm to firm. C2C is consumer to consumer. C2B is consumer to business. G2G is government office to government office, inside e-governance, not a shop sale.

Q. 81. Checking a university result on a website is e-governance as —

वेबसाइट पर विश्वविद्यालय परिणाम देखना ई-गवर्नेंस है —

a) G2C (government to citizen) — G2C (सरकार से नागरिक) b) C2C — C2C c) B2C — B2C d) C2B — C2B

E-governance is government using IT to serve citizens, business and other offices: information, forms, licences, results. Checking a university result, filling an exam form online, or a railway reservation against a government carrier is G2C (government to citizen). G2B is tenders and tax filing for firms; G2G is office to office. The aim is less queue, a recorded trail, the same rule for every roll number.

Q. 82. EDI is —

EDI है —

a) B2C shopping by one student on a website — वेबसाइट पर एक विद्यार्थी की B2C खरीदारी b) computer-to-computer exchange of standard business documents in an agreed format, without retyping paper at each end — मानक व्यापार दस्तावेज़ों का कंप्यूटर-से-कंप्यूटर आदान-प्रदान, सहमत प्रारूप में, हर छोर पर कागज़ दोबारा टाइप किए बिना c) C2C used-book sale between two students — दो विद्यार्थियों के बीच C2C पुरानी किताब d) G2C result check on a university website — विश्वविद्यालय साइट पर G2C परिणाम देखना

EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) is the computer-to-computer exchange of standard business documents — purchase order, invoice, despatch note — in an agreed format, without retyping on paper at each end. It is older than a shopping website; it is a B2B link. Electronic funds transfer (EFT) on EDI networks moves money as a message when the EDI invoice matches.

Q. 83. Electronic payment systems include —

इलेक्ट्रॉनिक भुगतान प्रणालियों में शामिल हैं —

a) only cash across a lab counter — केवल लैब काउंटर पर नकदी b) only OMR bubbles — केवल OMR बुलबुले c) credit card, debit card, smart card, electronic cheque, e-cash / stored-value wallet — क्रेडिट कार्ड, डेबिट कार्ड, स्मार्ट कार्ड, इलेक्ट्रॉनिक चेक, ई-कैश / वॉलेट d) only batch processing of punched cards — केवल पंच-कार्ड का batch processing

An electronic payment system is any accepted way to pay without handing cash across a counter. The named forms are credit card (pay later, the bank lends), debit card (pay now from the account), smart card (a chip that holds value or identity), electronic cheque, and e-cash / stored-value wallet. Paying an exam fee online is a payment; darkening OMR bubbles is not.

Q. 84. Computer ethics is —

कंप्यूटर नीति है —

a) a fifth generation of hardware — हार्डवेयर की पाँचवीं पीढ़ी b) a virus scanner — वायरस स्कैनर c) the IT Act’s prison term by itself — केवल IT Act की जेल-अवधि d) principles of right and wrong when you use a computer, a network or data — कंप्यूटर, नेटवर्क या डेटा के उपयोग में सही-गलत के सिद्धांत

Computer ethics is the set of principles that say what is right and wrong when you use a computer, a network or data. The machine is fast and has no feelings, so a person must bring the rule. Ethics is the habit that should stop the act even when no invigilator is in the lab. Law can punish; ethics is the ought.

Q. 85. PAPA in computer ethics names —

कंप्यूटर नीति में PAPA नाम करता है —

a) privacy, accuracy, property, access — निजता, सटीकता, संपत्ति, पहुँच b) four logic gates — चार logic gates c) four topologies — चार टोपोलॉजी d) four HTML document types — चार HTML दस्तावेज़-प्रकार

PAPA names four doors: Privacy (who may see roll 2145’s marks), Accuracy (a wrong print-out is not “the computer’s opinion”), Property (who owns the notes file or a program), and Access (who is allowed to log in).

Q. 86. Cyber law is —

साइबर विधि है —

a) the same word as computer ethics — कंप्यूटर नीति का ही दूसरा शब्द b) law that covers acts done with computers, networks and data in electronic form — वह कानून जो कंप्यूटर, नेटवर्क और इलेक्ट्रॉनिक रूप के डेटा से किए कामों को ढके c) only Windows Control Panel — केवल Windows Control Panel d) a virus scanner — वायरस स्कैनर

Cyber law is the law that covers acts done with computers, computer systems, computer networks and data in electronic form. Ordinary law still applies (theft, defamation), but electronic records needed a statute. Ethics is the ought; cyber law is the must, with a court. In India that statute is the IT Act 2000.

Q. 87. The Information Technology Act, 2000, came into force in India on —

सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी अधिनियम, 2000, भारत में लागू हुआ —

a) 15 August 1947 — 15 अगस्त 1947 b) 1 January 1971 with the Intel 4004 — 1 जनवरी 1971 Intel 4004 के साथ c) 17 October 2000 (amended in 2008) — 17 अक्टूबर 2000 (2008 में संशोधन) d) the day ENIAC was switched on — जिस दिन ENIAC चालू हुई

The Information Technology Act, 2000 came into force in India on 17 October 2000. An amendment in 2008 added and tightened several offences. The lab PC is not outside the law.

Q. 88. The 2008 amendment to the IT Act —

IT Act का 2008 संशोधन —

a) repealed electronic records entirely — इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अभिलेख पूरी तरह रद्द किए b) replaced TCP/IP with HTML — TCP/IP की जगह HTML दी c) repealed the Act — अधिनियम रद्द किया d) added and tightened several offences — कई अपराध जोड़े और कसे

The IT Act 2000 came into force on 17 October 2000. An amendment in 2008 added and tightened several offences, including those named with software piracy, intellectual property, child abuse and related computer crimes.

Q. 89. The IT Act gives legal recognition to —

IT Act कानूनी मान्यता देता है —

a) electronic records and digital signatures (later also electronic signatures) — इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अभिलेख और डिजिटल हस्ताक्षर (बाद में इलेक्ट्रॉनिक हस्ताक्षर भी) b) only paper signed in wet ink — केवल गीली स्याही से हस्ताक्षरित कागज़ c) only a first-generation machine-language listing on paper — केवल कागज़ पर पहली पीढ़ी की मशीन-भाषा सूची d) only OMR bubbles on a mark sheet — केवल अंक-पत्र के OMR बुलबुले

The Act gives legal recognition to electronic records and to digital signatures (later also electronic signatures). A filled exam form or a notice on an official site can stand the way a signed paper can, if the conditions of the Act are met. It names a Controller of Certifying Authorities (CCA) for digital-signature certificates.

Q. 90. Software piracy is —

सॉफ्टवेयर पाइरेसी है —

a) shutting down Windows through Start — Start से Windows बंद करना b) using or spreading a program without a licence (copy, install, sell, upload of paid software) — बिना लाइसेंस प्रोग्राम चलाना या फैलाना (नकल, इंस्टॉल, बेचना, चुकाए सॉफ्टवेयर का अपलोड) c) buying Rapidex from a shop — दुकान से Rapidex खरीदना d) writing your own HTML page — अपना HTML पृष्ठ लिखना

Software piracy is the unauthorised copying, use, distribution or sale of a program: installing one licensed copy on every lab PC without the licence that allows it, sharing a paid installer on a pen drive, or selling burned CDs. Softlifting is using a single-user copy on many machines; counterfeiting is fake boxes; internet piracy is upload or download of paid software. A pirated copy can also carry a virus.

Q. 91. Copyright as intellectual property protects —

बौद्धिक संपदा के रूप में कॉपीराइट बचाता है —

a) only a college building — केवल कॉलेज भवन b) only a trademarked logo, never a program — केवल ट्रेडमार्क लोगो, प्रोग्राम कभी नहीं c) original writing and software from unauthorised copy — मूल लेखन और सॉफ्टवेयर को बिना अधिकार नकल से d) only RAM chips — केवल RAM चिप

Intellectual property is the legal name for creations of the mind. Copyright protects original writing and software from unauthorised copy. A patent can protect a new invention. A trademark protects a name or sign that identifies a product. Copying a classmate’s HTML page and putting your roll on it is a copyright wrong as well as an ethics wrong.

Q. 92. On child abuse as named with the IT Act, the duty is —

IT Act के साथ नामित बाल शोषण पर कर्तव्य है —

a) create, keep or share such files only on a lab PC — ऐसी फ़ाइलें केवल लैब PC पर बनाओ, रखो या बाँटो b) describe the content in an assignment — असाइनमेंट में सामग्री का वर्णन करो c) treat it as a Windows desktop icon — इसे Windows डेस्कटॉप आइकन मानो d) do not create, keep, share or seek such files; report through the college or the police if they appear on a lab PC — ऐसी फ़ाइलें न बनाओ, न रखो, न बाँटो, न ढूँढ़ो; लैब PC पर दिखें तो कॉलेज या पुलिस से रिपोर्ट करो

The IT Act (sharpened by the 2008 amendment) names using a computer or network to harm a child in this way as an offence. The duty is: do not create, keep, share or seek such files; report through the college or the police if they appear on a lab PC.

Q. 93. Social engineering attacks —

सोशल इंजीनियरिंग हमला करती है —

a) the person: tricking someone into giving a password, roll, card detail or a click — व्यक्ति पर: फुसलाकर पासवर्ड, रोल, कार्ड डिटेल या क्लिक लेना b) the ALU by changing its clock — ALU की घड़ी बदलकर c) the BIOS firmware without tricking a person (that is a chip attack, not social engineering) — व्यक्ति को फुसलाए बिना BIOS firmware (वह चिप-हमला है, सोशल इंजीनियरिंग नहीं) d) installing a virus on the CPU without tricking a person — व्यक्ति को फुसलाए बिना CPU पर वायरस लगाना

Social engineering tricks a person into giving access, a password, a roll number, a card detail or a click — it does not break the CPU. Phishing is a fake e-mail or page that looks like a bank, a result portal or a scholarship site. Pretexting is a phone or message in a false role. Baiting is a “lost” pen drive in the lab. Do not give passwords or OTPs to a page or a person you did not seek; check the URL; ask the college office, not the mail.

Q. 94. Phishing is —

Phishing है —

a) baiting with a lost pen drive in the lab — लैब में “खोई” पेन ड्राइव से फुसलाना b) a fake e-mail or page that looks like a bank, a result portal or a scholarship site, asking for a password or roll — नकली मेल या पृष्ठ जो बैंक, परिणाम या छात्रवृत्ति लगे, पासवर्ड या रोल माँगे c) pretexting by phone in a false role, without a fake page — झूठी भूमिका में फोन से फुसलाना, बिना नकली पृष्ठ d) a genuine college-office message that never asks for a password or roll — कॉलेज दफ्तर का असली संदेश जो पासवर्ड या रोल कभी न माँगे

Phishing is a fake e-mail or page that looks like a bank, a university result portal or a scholarship site (“confirm roll 2145 and your password”). It is a form of social engineering: it tricks the person, not the chip. Check the URL; do not give passwords or OTPs to a page you did not seek; ask the college office, not the mail.

Q. 95. Artificial Intelligence is —

कृत्रिम बुद्धि है —

a) any fast computer adding 36 and 64 — कोई भी तेज़ कंप्यूटर जो 36 और 64 जोड़े b) only firmware sitting in ROM — केवल ROM में बैठा firmware c) the branch that tries to make machines do tasks we call intelligent in a person: reason, learn, language, see, plan — वह शाखा जो मशीन से वे काम कराने का प्रयत्न करे जिन्हें व्यक्ति में बुद्धि कहें: तर्क, सीखना, भाषा, देखना, योजना d) only e-mail — केवल ई-मेल

Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science that tries to make machines do tasks that, when a person does them, we call intelligent: reason, learn from examples, understand language, see, plan. John McCarthy’s wording (1956) is programs that behave as if they have intelligence. It is not “any fast computer.” A lab PC adding 36 and 64 is arithmetic, not AI.

Q. 96. Alan Turing (1950) asked whether —

Alan Turing (1950) ने पूछा क्या —

a) ENIAC was a fifth-generation phone — ENIAC पाँचवीं पीढ़ी का फोन था b) a compiler is the same as an expert system — compiler expert system के बराबर है c) Windows Control Panel is AI — Windows Control Panel AI है d) a machine could imitate a person’s answers well enough to pass a test — मशीन व्यक्ति के उत्तरों की नकल इतनी करे कि परीक्षा पार हो

Alan Turing (1950) asked whether a machine could imitate a person’s answers well enough to pass a test. The name AI is tied to the Dartmouth meeting, 1956, and John McCarthy. The 1980s brought expert systems and Japan’s fifth-generation project.

Q. 97. The name AI is tied to —

नाम AI बँधा है —

a) the Dartmouth meeting, 1956, and McCarthy (Turing’s 1950 test sits just before) — Dartmouth बैठक, 1956, और McCarthy (ठीक पहले Turing की 1950 परीक्षा) b) Babbage’s Analytical Engine as a fifth-generation PC — Babbage का Analytical Engine पाँचवीं पीढ़ी के PC के रूप में c) MS-DOS as a first-generation language — MS-DOS को पहली पीढ़ी की भाषा मानना d) a search engine as the whole of AI — सर्च इंजन को पूरी AI मानना

The name AI is tied to the Dartmouth meeting, 1956, and John McCarthy. Alan Turing (1950) asked whether a machine could imitate a person’s answers well enough to pass a test. The 1980s brought expert systems and Japan’s fifth-generation project.

Q. 98. An expert system is —

Expert system है —

a) any fast adder — कोई भी तेज़ योजक b) rules from a human expert, used in medical or technical advice — मानव विशेषज्ञ के नियम, चिकित्सा या तकनीकी सलाह में c) a compiler translating a 3GL such as COBOL — COBOL जैसी 3GL का compiler अनुवाद d) any lab PC adding 36 and 64 — कोई भी लैब PC जो 36 और 64 जोड़े

An expert system uses rules taken from a human expert, used in medical or technical advice. It was a main AI application of the 1980s. Other AI applications include robotics, natural language, computer vision, diagnosis support, games, spam filters and maps.

Q. 99. A named disadvantage of AI is —

AI की नामित हानि है —

a) it always has common sense with no teaching — बिना सिखाए सदैव सामान्य बुद्धि b) it cannot run at night — रात को नहीं चल सकता c) no untaught common sense; GIGO still applies; errors can look confident; privacy can shrink — बिना सिखाई सामान्य बुद्धि नहीं; GIGO अभी; त्रुटि आत्मविश्वास से दिख सकती है; निजता सिकुड़ सकती है d) it replaces ethics automatically — नीति को अपने आप बदल देता है

Named disadvantages: the machine has no common sense unless we have encoded or taught it; garbage in, garbage out still applies; errors can look confident; cost of data and machines; jobs change; privacy can shrink (a vision system that reads faces is also a watch). A program does not carry ethics by itself. Advantages beside those limits: speed on huge search, and the same advice at 2 a.m. as at noon.

Q. 100. Which is AI in day-to-day life?

रोज़मर्रा में AI कौन-सा है?

a) only opening an MGSU notice in a browser — केवल ब्राउज़र में MGSU सूचना खोलना b) only adding 36 and 64 on a lab PC — केवल लैब PC पर 36 और 64 जोड़ना c) only darkening OMR bubbles — केवल OMR बुलबुले भरना d) predictive text, a voice assistant, maps that pick a road, a spam filter — not every web page — अगला शब्द, वाक् सहायक, सड़क चुनता नक्शा, स्पैम फ़िल्टर — हर वेब पृष्ठ नहीं

Day-to-day AI includes predictive text and auto-correct, voice assistants, maps that pick a road, spam filters, a shopping site that suggests another book, face unlock, captions on a video. Opening an MGSU notice in a browser is not itself AI. Asking a voice tool to read that notice aloud is the daily face of the field. The machine still has no feelings and no unprogrammed rule.