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Syllogism

Lesson 99 of 113

1. Ye topic hai kya?

Do-teen statements se jo baat zaroor nikle, wahi conclusion. Naya fact mat ghusao. Drawing = Venn (neeche char shabd). “Kaun sa figure match” alag page pe aayega.

Do statements ka common naam = middle term. Figure 1–4 = uski jagah (pehle statement subject/predicate). LDC mein figure-number kam; kaam: All A are B + All B are C ⇒ All A are C. All A are B + No B are C ⇒ No A are C.

Assumption se farq

Assumption: speaker ke peeche chhupa vishwas. Yahan sirf circles: All/Some/No. Statement–assumption alag chip.

Paper ke options

Sirf I / sirf II / either / neither / both. Pehle I aur II alag tick, phir option.

2. Char shabd

All A are B — A poora B ke andar

Some A are B — overlap zaroor, baaki khula

No A are B — alag, chhoo nahi sakte

Some A are not B — A ka hissa B ke bahar pakka

“Some” ka matlab kam se kam ek. “All” usme include ho sakta hai — isliye Some se All mat nikaalo, lekin All se Some nikalta hai.

3. Paper pe dimag kaise chale

Do sawaal har conclusion pe:
1) Zaroor? Har possible drawing mein true? → Follows
2) Agar zaroor nahi: kya drawing bana sakte ho jisme yeh true ho, bina statements tode? → Possibility (jab paper “possibility” poochhe)
Jo drawing statements tod de, woh possible nahi.
Galati: ek drawing mein dikh gaya to “follows” tick. Follows tabhi jab saari allowed drawings mein true.

4. Ulta (conversion) — 5 second

DiyaZaroor nikaltaNahi nikalta
All A are BSome A are B; Some B are AAll B are A
Some A are BSome B are AAll A are B; Some A are not B
No A are BNo B are A; Some A are not BSome B are A
Some A are not B(khud)Some B are not A (definite nahi)
Basic · All→Some

Q1. Statement: All cats are mammals.
I. Some mammals are cats.
II. All mammals are cats.

Solution shuru

  1. Step 1

    Cats poori mammals ke andar. To kuch mammals cats hain — I zaroor.

  2. Step 2

    II ulta All — dogs bhi mammal. Follow nahi.

Final answer — yahan khatamSirf I

5. Do statements — chain

Beech wala term kaato. All+All = All. Some+All (All doosre pe) = Some. Some+Some = kuch definite nahi (middle se).

Basic · All+All

Q2. All A are B. All B are C.
I. All A are C.
II. Some C are A.

Solution shuru

  1. Step 1

    A ⊂ B ⊂ C ⇒ A ⊂ C. I follows.

  2. Step 2

    All A are C ⇒ Some C are A. II bhi.

Final answer — yahan khatamDono
Medium · Some+All

Q3. Some A are B. All B are C.
I. Some A are C.
II. All A are C.

Solution shuru

  1. Step 1

    Jo A, B mein hain, woh C mein jaayenge. Some A are C — I zaroor.

  2. Step 2

    Jo A, B ke bahar hain, C mein hon bhi sakte nahi bhi. II nahi.

Final answer — yahan khatamSirf I
Medium · Some+No

Q4. Some A are B. No B are C.
I. Some A are not C.
II. Some A are C.

Solution shuru

  1. Step 1

    Jo A, B hain, C nahi ho sakte. Un A ke liye “not C” pakka. I follows.

  2. Step 2

    Baaki A, C se mil bhi sakte. II zaroor nahi.

Final answer — yahan khatamSirf I
Basic · Some+Some

Q5. Some A are B. Some B are C.
I. Some A are C.
II. Some C are A.

Solution shuru

  1. Step 1

    Do “some” — overlap A–B aur B–C alag hissa ho sakta. A aur C kabhi na milen.

  2. Step 2

    I aur II dono definite nahi. (Possibility alag — yahan “follows” nahi.)

Final answer — yahan khatamNeither

6. Possibility

Paper likhe “which of the following is possible / can be true”. Tab: statements mat todo, ek drawing banao jisme conclusion true ho.

Definite nahi ≠ possible nahi. Possible tab band jab conclusion statements se takraaye (jaise No ke saath All same pair).
Medium · can be

Q6. All A are B. Some B are C.
Kaun possible hai?
I. All A are C.
II. No A are C.

Solution shuru

  1. Step 1 — I

    A ko B∩C ke andar rakh do. Statements nahi tootte. I possible.

  2. Step 2 — II

    A ko B ke us hisse mein rakho jo C se alag. II bhi possible.

  3. Step 3 — follows?

    Dono possible, koi zaroor nahi. Agar poochha “follows” hota to neither.

Final answer — yahan khatamI aur II dono possible (na I na II definite)

7. Only / only a few

Only A are B = All B are A. (B ke bahar A ho sakta, B poora A ke andar.)

Only a few A are B = Some A are B aur Some A are not B — dono pakka.

Medium · only

Q7. Only dogs are pets. (Matlab All pets are dogs.)
I. All dogs are pets.
II. Some dogs are pets.

Solution shuru

  1. Step 1

    Pets ⊂ dogs. I ulta All — nahi.

  2. Step 2

    All pets are dogs ⇒ Some dogs are pets. II follows.

Final answer — yahan khatamSirf II
Medium · only a few

Q8. Only a few A are B.
I. Some A are B.
II. Some A are not B.
III. All A are B.

Solution shuru

  1. Step 1

    Only a few = some yes + some no. I aur II dono zaroor. III seedha ulta.

Final answer — yahan khatamI aur II (III nahi)

8. Either-or

Tab jab dono conclusions definite nahi, lekin ek jodi complementary hai — ek saath jhooth nahi ho sakte, ek saath dono true bhi nahi (SSC pair).

Do jodi yaad:
1) All A are B ↔ Some A are not B
2) Some A are B ↔ No A are B
Same terms, same order. Plus: dono follow na hon.
Some A are C + Some A are not C — LDC mein aksar either-or mat maano jab tak yahi do standard pairs na hon. Pehle standard jodi dhoondo.
Pro · either

Q9. Some A are B. Some B are C.
I. All A are C.
II. Some A are not C.

Solution shuru

  1. Step 1

    I definite nahi. II bhi nahi (saare A, C mein ho sakte hain).

  2. Step 2 — pair?

    All A are C ↔ Some A are not C. Yahi complementary jodi. Dono follow nahi. Either I or II.

Final answer — yahan khatamEither I or II
Pro · 3 statements

Q10. All A are B. Some B are C. No C are D.
I. Some A are not D.
II. Some B are not D.

Solution shuru

  1. Step 1 — II

    Some B are C, No C are D ⇒ woh B jo C hain, D nahi. Some B are not D. II follows.

  2. Step 2 — I

    A poora B mein. A, C wale hisse mein ho bhi sakta nahi bhi. I zaroor nahi (possible hai).

Final answer — yahan khatamSirf II

9. Pro checklist

  1. Zaroor = har drawing. Possible = ek drawing, statements zinda.
  2. All se Some nikalta; Some se All nahi.
  3. Some+Some = beech se kuch pakka nahi.
  4. No ulta No; Some A are not B ulta definite nahi.
  5. Only A are B = All B are A. Only a few = some + some not.
  6. Either-or: standard jodi + dono not-follow.

10. Practice

Pehle khud socho, phir neeche solution kholo. Q1–Q10 yahan nahi dohraaye.

Basic

Practice 1. All roses are flowers. All flowers are plants.
I. All roses are plants.
II. Some plants are roses.

Solution shuru

  1. Step 1

    Roses ⊂ flowers ⊂ plants. I aur II (All se Some ulta) dono.

Final answer — yahan khatamDono
Basic

Practice 2. Some books are pens.
I. Some pens are books.
II. All books are pens.

Solution shuru

  1. Step 1

    Some ulta Some. I follows. II nahi.

Final answer — yahan khatamSirf I
Medium

Practice 3. Some doctors are rich. All rich are happy.
I. Some doctors are happy.
II. All doctors are happy.

Solution shuru

  1. Step 1

    Jo doctor rich hain → happy. I follows. II nahi.

Final answer — yahan khatamSirf I
Basic

Practice 4. No car is a bus. All buses are vehicles.
I. No car is a vehicle.
II. Some vehicles are buses.

Solution shuru

  1. Step 1

    II: All buses are vehicles ⇒ Some vehicles are buses. Follows.

  2. Step 2

    I: car bus se alag, vehicle bada hoop. Car vehicle ho sakti. I nahi.

Final answer — yahan khatamSirf II
Basic

Practice 5. Some A are B. Some C are B.
I. Some A are C.
II. Some C are A.

Solution shuru

  1. Step 1

    Do some, beech B — A aur C milen zaroor nahi. Neither.

Final answer — yahan khatamNeither
Medium

Practice 6. All A are B. No B are C. “Some A are C” possible hai kya?

Solution shuru

  1. Step 1

    A ⊂ B, B ∩ C = khali ⇒ A ∩ C = khali. Some A are C statements todta. Possible nahi.

Final answer — yahan khatamNahi (impossible)
Medium

Practice 7. Only stars are planets. (All planets are stars.)
I. Some stars are planets.
II. Some planets are not stars.

Solution shuru

  1. Step 1

    All planets are stars ⇒ I follows. II seedha contradiction.

Final answer — yahan khatamSirf I
Medium

Practice 8. Only a few boys are players.
I. All boys are players.
II. Some boys are not players.

Solution shuru

  1. Step 1

    Only a few = some not pakka. II follows. I nahi.

Final answer — yahan khatamSirf II
Pro

Practice 9. Some A are B. All C are B.
I. Some A are C.
II. No A are C.

Solution shuru

  1. Step 1

    Dono definite nahi. Pair: Some A are C ↔ No A are C. Either-or.

Final answer — yahan khatamEither I or II
Pro

Practice 10. All pens are ink. Some ink is red. No red is blue.
I. Some pens are blue — possible?
II. Some ink is not blue.

Solution shuru

  1. Step 1 — II

    Some ink red, no red blue ⇒ woh ink red hai blue nahi. II follows.

  2. Step 2 — I

    Pens ⊂ ink. Pen red-hisse mein ho to blue nahi; dusre hisse mein blue possible. I follows nahi, lekin possible hai (agar poochha possible).

  3. Step 3

    Yahan I “possible?” haan; II zaroor. Answer: I possible, II follows.

Final answer — yahan khatamII follows; I possible (definite nahi)

11. Itna kaafi hai kya?

Agar All/Some/No drawing, conversion, Some+All chain, possibility vs definite, only/only-a-few, aur standard either-or jodi lock kar sako — to JA/CA-II ke syllogism basic se pro tak attempt ho sakte hain.

Agle topic: Venn diagram.

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