Topic kya maangta hai
Paper underlined word pe poochta hai — noun hai, adverb hai, preposition hai? Pooche is sentence mein kya kaam kar raha hai. Spelling se ghar mat bandhna: fast kabhi adjective, kabhi adverb, kabhi noun, kabhi verb.
Yahan padhna
Aath traditional parts. Noun ke kinds + number/gender/case. Pronoun ke types; my vs mine; reflexive vs emphatic; who/whom. Adjective vs adverb. Verb: main/helping, transitive, finite vs infinitive-gerund-participle. Preposition vs adverb. Conjunction vs preposition (since, after). Interjection. Same-spelling table. Sentence parse.
Yahan mat ghusana
Has been / had been / will have — tenses. A/an/the rules — articles/determiners. In/on/at list — prepositions. Can/must — modals. Is written by — voice. He said that — narration. Each of the boys is — SVA. Comparative-superlative tables — degrees. Because-clause tree — conjunctions/clauses. Hindi visheshan — kriya-visheshan. Synonym lists — apna extra.
Ek line: Part of speech dictionary ka tattoo nahi. Sentence ka job-card hai.
Aath ghar — traditional Class-X
| Part | Job | Test sawal | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Noun | Name — person, place, thing, idea | Who / what? | Ram, Jaipur, honesty, water |
| Pronoun | Noun ki jagah, dobara naam mat | Kaun replace? | he, mine, herself, who |
| Adjective | Noun/pronoun ko describe | Which / what kind / how many? | old wall, five books, my bag |
| Verb | Action ya state | Kya ho raha / hai? | run, is, became, write |
| Adverb | Verb / adjective / adverb ko modify | How / when / where / how often / how much? | slowly, here, very, not |
| Preposition | Noun-pronoun se relation; uske baad object | Kis cheez ke saath joda? | on the table, since 2010 |
| Conjunction | Words / clauses jodna | Do tukde milaye? | and, but, because, either…or |
| Interjection | Emotion ki awaaz; grammar se alag | Sirf feeling? | Alas! Oh! Hurrah! |
a, an, the, this, some, my, every noun ke pehle quantity/pointing ka kaam. Purani Class-X keys inhe adjective / article kehte hain. Paper «article» likhe to a/an/the; «adjective» likhe to my/this bhi chal sakta. Full a/an/the — agla articles page. Yahan itna: ye quality-adjective (beautiful) nahi. Kaise pakdo — job, spelling nahi
- Poori sentence padho. Underlined akela mat.
- Woh word kispe chipka hai? Noun pe → adjective. Verb pe → adverb. Object ke saath relation → preposition.
-lyse automatic adverb mat.friendly, lovely, costly, elderlyadjectives hain.- Helping verb ke baad
-ing/-edtense bana sakta — tense poochhe to agla page; «part of speech» poochhe to verb / participle.
Noun — naam, phir kind
| Kind | Kya naam | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Proper | Khaas naam, capital | Sita, Kota, Monday, the Ganga |
| Common | Class ka naam | girl, city, day, river |
| Collective | Group ek unit | team, jury, fleet, bunch, herd, committee |
| Abstract | Jo haath nahi, idea/quality | honesty, childhood, pain, bravery |
| Material | Jisse cheez bane | gold, milk, wood, cotton |
Honesty is the best policy — honesty abstract noun, subject. Policy bhi noun. Best adjective (degree agle extra pe, yahan job adjective).
Countable / uncountable
Gino → countable: book/books, many, a few, a. Mat gino → uncountable: water, advice, furniture, information, news, luggage — much / a little, generally a nahi. news look plural, verb singular: The news is…. scissors / trousers / police plural. Articles page quantity words ko gehra karega; yahan kind pehra.
Number, gender, case
Number: child–children, ox–oxen, mouse–mice, tooth–teeth, sheep–sheep, deer–deer, crisis–crises, datum–data (paper mixed). Man–men, woman–women.
Gender: masculine (king), feminine (queen), common (child, teacher), neuter (book, table). Actor–actress, hero–heroine — list chhoti; job noun hi rehta.
Case:
- Nominative — subject:
Ram runs. - Objective — object:
I saw Ram./ preposition ka object:with Ram - Possessive —
Ram's bag,boys' hostel,children's park
Possessive 's noun ko adjective nahi bana deta — noun in possessive case. Paper «whose bag» poochhe to Ram noun hai.
Pronoun — jagah, dobara naam nahi
| Type | Kaam | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Personal | Person | I, you, he, she, it, we, they; me, him, us |
| Possessive pronoun | Noun ke baad akela | mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs — This book is mine. |
| Possessive adjective | Noun ke pehle | my, your, his, her, its, our, their — my book (purani key: adjective) |
| Reflexive | Action wapas karta pe | myself…themselves — I hurt myself. (bina iske sentence adhura) |
| Emphatic / emphasising | Zor; hatao to sentence bache | She herself opened the door. |
| Demonstrative | Point | this, that, these, those — akela pronoun; noun ke saath adjective/determiner |
| Interrogative | Sawal | who, whom, whose, which, what |
| Relative | Clause jod + noun replace | who, whom, whose, which, that — the book that I bought |
| Indefinite | Anishchit | someone, anybody, none, all, few |
| Distributive | Ek-ek | each, either, neither — aksar singular |
| Reciprocal | Aapas | each other, one another |
my vs mine: my ke baad noun chahiye (adjective/determiner). mine akela (pronoun).
it's / its: it's = it is / it has (It's raining / It's been a year). its = uska, apostrophe nahi (The cat licked its paw). who's = who is; whose = kis ka. Yahan possessive vs contraction; spotting fingerprint wahi.
who / whom: who = subject (Who came?). whom = object (Whom did you meet? / to whom). Informal keys kabhi Who did you meet; Class-X formal object pe whom.
this: This is mine — pronoun. This book — adjective/determiner. Same spelling, job alag.
I hurt myself vs I myself locked the gate — myself?
Solution
- Pehla
Hurt kiye bina object adhura. Reflexive.
- Doosra
I locked the gatepoora hai. Myself sirf zor. Emphatic.
Adjective — noun ke baare mein
| Kind (Class-X) | Sawal | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Quality / descriptive | Kaisa? | brave boy, red cloth |
| Quantity | Kitna (uncountable)? | some water, much patience, little hope |
| Number / numeral | Kitne? | five pens, first prize, many students |
| Demonstrative | Kaun-sa pointing? | this house, those days |
| Possessive | Kiska? | my, our, their + noun |
| Interrogative | Sawal + noun | which colour, whose bag |
| Distributive | Har ek | each boy, every day, either road |
Attributive: noun se pehle — a tall man. Predicative: verb ke baad — The man is tall. Dono adjective.
Degrees — positive, comparative, superlative — naam yahan; tables, irregular better/best, double comparative — degrees of comparison extra. Yahan job: better still adjective (ya adverb, sentence se).
Adjective vs adverb: a fast train — fast adjective (train kaisi). He runs fast — fast adverb (runs kaise). She looks beautiful — beautiful adjective (linking verb + complement). She sings beautifully — adverb.
Verb — action, state, link
Main verb asal kaam. Helping / auxiliary: be (is/am/are/was/were/been/being), have (has/had), do (does/did), aur modals (can, may, must, should…) — modal ka pura ghar agla extra. Yahan: helping + main = verb phrase; POS poochhe to dono verb family.
| Pehchan | Example | |
|---|---|---|
| Transitive | Object maangta | She wrote a letter. |
| Intransitive | Object nahi | The baby slept. |
| Linking | Subject ko complement se jod (is, seem, become, look, feel) | He is tired. She became a doctor. |
Same verb dono: She runs a shop (transitive). She runs daily (intransitive). Voice tab jab paper passive maange — agla voice page.
Finite vs non-finite
Finite tense aur subject se badalta: He writes / They write / He wrote. Tense ke 12 forms agle page; yahan itna: finite = verb jo tense dikhata.
| Non-finite | Form | Job is sentence mein |
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | to + V1 | I want to swim. — swim yahan noun-sa object of want |
| Gerund | V-ing as noun | Swimming is healthy. / I like reading. |
| Present participle | V-ing as adj ya continuous | a running tap (adj). He is running — tense+verb, POS verb |
| Past participle | V3 | a broken window (adj). He has written — helping+V3, tense page |
Running is good — gerund (noun-job). a running boy — participle adjective. He is running — finite verb phrase (present continuous). Paper ka sawal padho. Adverb — kaise, kab, kahan, kitna
| Kind | Sawal | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Manner | How? | slowly, well, hard, fast, together |
| Place | Where? | here, there, up, downstairs, away |
| Time | When? | now, yesterday, already, yet, still |
| Frequency | How often? | always, never, often, twice |
| Degree / quantity | How much? | very, too, almost, quite, enough |
| Affirmation / negation | — | yes, certainly, not, never |
| Relative / interrogative | — | where, when, why, how (clause ya sawal) |
well: He is well — adjective (health). He sings well — adverb. a well — noun (kuan). Teen job.
hard: a hard chair adjective. work hard adverb. hardly alag word = almost not (frequency/degree), hard ka -ly nahi.
Adverb adjective ko bhi modify karta: very old, too weak. Aur doosre adverb ko: very slowly.
Preposition — object ke bina nahi
Preposition apne object (noun/pronoun/gerund) se pehle baithta hai: on the roof, with her, after eating. Object nahi to aksar adverb: Please come in (in = adverb). in the room (in = preposition).
Simple: at, by, for, from, in, of, on, to, with, since, after, before. Compound/phrase: into, upon, because of, in spite of, in front of. Lambi list aur time-place traps — prepositions extra.
since 2010 / since Monday — preposition + time-object. since he was ill — conjunction (clause jodi). Same spelling, agla word dekho: noun-phrase vs clause.
Conjunction — jod, object nahi khata
| Kind | Kaam | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Coordinating | Barabar tukde | and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so (FANBOYS) |
| Subordinating | Dependent clause | because, if, although, when, unless, that |
| Correlative | Jodi | either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, both…and |
Clause tree, complex sentence, relative clause as structure — conjunctions / clauses extra. Yahan word ka naam. that relative pronoun bhi ho sakta (the book that I bought) aur conjunction bhi (I know that he came — yahan that join karta, replace nahi). Pehchan: peeche noun antecedent ho to relative pronoun; sirf clause introduce kare to conjunction.
Interjection — grammar se kati hui awaaz
Oh! Alas! Hurrah! Bravo! Hello! Hush! Sentence ke baaki hisse se grammatical link nahi. Comma ya exclamation. Alas! he failed — Alas interjection; he pronoun; failed verb. Hindi ka visheshan-page yahi ghar English naam se: interjection.
Same spelling, kai jobs
Yahi se cut-off hota hai. Word ko sentence mein ghumao.
| Word | Jobs |
|---|---|
| fast | adj: fast car · adv: run fast · noun: a religious fast · verb: Muslims fast in Ramadan |
| round | adj: round table · noun: a round · prep: round the park · verb: round the corner (turn) · adv: come round |
| like | verb: I like tea · prep: like his father · adj: in like manner · noun: likes and dislikes |
| since | prep: since 2010 · conj: since he left · adv (rare): I have not seen him since |
| after | prep: after lunch · conj: after he left · adv: he arrived after |
| that | det/adj: that book · pronoun: that is mine · relative: the book that I bought · conj: I know that he came |
| well | adv: sings well · adj: is well · noun: a well |
| hard | adj: hard chair · adv: work hard · (hardly ≠ hard) |
| near | prep: near the school · adv: come near · adj: a near relative · verb: the ship neared the port |
| up / in / on / down | prep jab object ho; adverb jab akela: climb up the hill (prep) / stand up (adv) |
Ek sentence — har word ka job
Alas! the young girl quickly hid herself behind the old wall and waited.
| Word | Part | Kyun |
|---|---|---|
| Alas! | interjection | feeling |
| the | article / determiner | noun se pehle; quality nahi — articles page |
| young | adjective | girl kaisi |
| girl | noun | who |
| quickly | adverb | hid kaise |
| hid | verb (finite) | action; past form — tense poochhe to tenses page |
| herself | reflexive pronoun | hid ka object, same person |
| behind | preposition | object = the old wall |
| old | adjective | wall kaisi |
| wall | noun | object of behind |
| and | conjunction | hid … waited jode |
| waited | verb | action |
Traps — yahi kat'te hain
1. Spelling freeze
fast / since / that / well — table upar. Job padho.
2. -ly = adverb
friendly, lovely, weekly (adj: weekly market; adv: they meet weekly — dono ho sakte).
3. my = pronoun
my + noun = adjective. mine akela = pronoun.
4. Reflexive vs emphatic
Hatao to toote = reflexive. Hatao to bache = emphatic.
5. Gerund vs participle vs tense
Running is… / running tap / is running — teen sawal.
6. Preposition vs adverb vs conjunction
Object? → prep. Akela direction? → adverb. Clause? → conjunction.
7. Hindi ghar
Visheshan / karak / sandhi — Hindi pages. English paper English labels maangta.
8. Tense / article / voice sawal
Alag extras. POS poochhe to job; tense poochhe to time.
Paper pe paanch kadam
- Sawal kya? Part of speech, kind of noun/pronoun, adjective vs adverb, gerund vs participle.
- Poori line. Chipka kispe?
- Object / clause / akela? Prep vs conj vs adverb.
- -ly, helping, 's — automatic ghar mat.
- Doosra extra mat kholo jab tak paper tense/article/voice na likhe.
Q 1–10
Parts of speech kya naapte hain?
- Tense (time of action) — agla page
- Word ka job is sentence mein
- Hindi karak
- Synonym list
Solution
- Job-card
Tense time hai. Karak Hindi. Yahan eight jobs.
The old man walked slowly. — slowly?
- Adjective — old adjective hai, slowly nahi
- Adverb of manner
- Preposition
- Noun
Solution
- How?
Walked kaise. Verb pe chipka. Old man = adjective + noun.
She herself opened the door. — herself?
- Reflexive — hatao to bhi «She opened the door» poora hai
- Emphatic / emphasising pronoun
- Adjective
- Interjection
Solution
- Zor
Hurt myself wala reflexive nahi. Herself = khud, extra zor.
Honesty is the best policy. — Honesty?
- Adjective of quality
- Abstract noun
- Adverb
- Pronoun
Solution
- Idea ka naam
Subject. Best adjective (degree extra pe tables). Honesty haath nahi pakad sakte.
The team won the match. — team?
- Abstract noun
- Collective noun
- Material noun
- Pronoun
Solution
- Group unit
Players ka set ek naam. Abstract honesty-type nahi. SVA agla page.
He runs fast. — fast?
- Adjective — «fast runner» mein hota
- Adverb of manner
- Noun (a fast)
- Verb (to fast)
Solution
- Runs kaise
Is sentence mein adverb. Spelling freeze mat.
The book on the table is mine. — on?
- Adverb — object hai «the table»
- Preposition
- Conjunction
- Adjective
Solution
- Object
on + table. Mine = possessive pronoun (akela). My table hota to adjective.
Alas! he failed the test. — Alas?
- Adverb of manner
- Interjection
- Conjunction
- Noun
Solution
- Feeling
Grammar se kati. Failed = verb. Tense poochhte to past simple — agla page.
This is the book that I bought. — that?
- Demonstrative adjective — «that book» alag pattern
- Relative pronoun — book ko replace karke clause jodi
- Conjunction only, koi antecedent nahi — antecedent = book
- Preposition
Solution
- Antecedent
Book. I bought that. Relative. I know that he came = conjunction (alag sentence).
This is my book. — my?
- Possessive pronoun — woh mine hota
- Possessive adjective (determiner) — noun «book» ke pehle
- Adverb
- Verb
Solution
- Pehle noun
my + book. This is mine = pronoun. Its vs it's error extra pe.
Practice
Ye dus alag kone hain — upar wale dus ki nakal nahi.
Traditional eight parts?
- Nominative, objective, possessive, vocative… — ye cases hain
- Noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection
- Present, past, future — tense
- Karta, karma, karan — Hindi karak
Solution
- Aath jobs
A case. C agla extra. D Hindi.
I hurt myself. — myself?
- Emphatic — yahan object chahiye, hatao to toote
- Reflexive pronoun
- Adjective
- Adverb
Solution
- Wapas
Hurt + object = myself. She herself opened = emphatic, alag Q.
a / an / the Class-X mein mainly?
- Adjectives of quality — beautiful-type nahi
- Articles (determiners) — full a/an/the rules agla extra
- Prepositions
- Interjections
Solution
- Fence
Yahan job: noun se pehle pointer. Countable rules articles page.
Swimming is a good exercise. — Swimming?
- Present participle adjective — «swimming boy» hota
- Gerund — V-ing as noun (subject)
- Finite present continuous
- Preposition
Solution
- Subject
Is swimming? nahi. Swimming = naam of activity. He is swimming = tense+verb.
The wounded soldier was carried away. — wounded?
- Finite past tense of the sentence ka main verb — main verb was carried
- Past participle as adjective (soldier kaisa)
- Gerund
- Conjunction
Solution
- Kaun soldier
Wounded describe. Passive «was carried» voice extra. POS of wounded = adjective here.
I have lived here since 2010. — since?
- Conjunction — «since he left» wala pattern, yahan clause nahi
- Preposition — object = 2010
- Adverb only
- Noun
Solution
- Object
Year noun-phrase. Have lived = tense form, agla page; since ka job prep.
She is a friendly child. — friendly?
- Adverb — -ly dekh ke mat
- Adjective of quality
- Noun
- Interjection
Solution
- Child kaisi
Noun pe chipka. She behaves friendly — kuch books still adjective; she behaves in a friendly way safer. Yahan clearly adj.
I want to swim. — to swim?
- Finite future tense
- Infinitive (non-finite verb)
- Preposition + noun
- Gerund
Solution
- to + V1
Want finite. To swim object-sa. Will swim = tense extra.
He runs fast — Hindi visheshan vs kriya-visheshan wala idea. English paper pe same test?
- Hindi page ka answer English key mein copy — labels alag
- Same test, English names: noun pe chipka = adjective; verb pe = adverb — Hindi extra mix mat
- Yeh sandhi hai
- Yeh apathit gadyansh hai
Solution
- Do papers
Idea milta-julta, naam aur examples English. Apathit comprehension hai.
She has been writing since morning. Paper «identify the tense» likhe to?
- Yahi POS page — writing gerund declare kar do
- Tenses extra — present perfect continuous; yahan writing verb-phrase ka hissa, POS poochhe tab alag
- Interjection
- Articles a/an/the
Solution
- Sawal padho
Tense = time. POS = job. Do extras. Tenses yahan.