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Direct–indirect narration

Lesson 60 of 113

Topic kya maangta hai

Paper likhta hai: Change into indirect / Choose the correct narration. Pooche inverted commas hatao, baat report karo. A letter is written by Ram voice pe. has lived since clock tenses pe — yahan has→had tab jab said past ho. Each of the boys is — SVA.

Yahan padhna

Direct vs indirect. said vs told vs asked vs requested. Pronoun I/you palat. Backshift table jab reporting past. Time-place: yesterday→the previous day, here→there. Statement that. Yes/no if/whether. Wh-word, no inversion. Imperative to/not to. Let's suggested. Exclaim with joy/sorrow. Universal truth no shift. Present reporting no shift. Rajasthan: Jaipur, Amer Fort, form submitted.

Yahan mat ghusana

be+V3, Let the door be opened, by whom — voice (It is said that yahan reporting-shape, palat wahan). 12-box fill-in, since/for — tenses (yahan sirf shift). can vs may matlab — modals (yahan can→could shift). a university — articles. in Jaipur — prepositions. Helping-job — POS. Each of the boys is — SVA. Because-clause tree — conjunctions extra. Hindi usne kaha ki — kaal mix mat, English backshift alag.

Ek line: Indirect = reporting verb + (that / if / wh / to) + pronoun theek + tense shift (agar said past) + time-place shift. Quotes aur sawal ka ? nahi.

Direct vs indirect — dikh kya

DirectIndirect
Shaklinverted commas, comma after saidquotes nahi, aksar that/if/to
ExampleHe said, "I am tired."He said that he was tired.
Sawal"Are you ready?"He asked if I was ready. (statement order)
Hukum"Open the door."He told me to open the door.

Hatao: inverted commas, said ke baad wala comma, ? aur ! (indirect mein full stop). Jo baat thi woh clause ban jaati.

Reporting verb — said, told, asked…

Direct ke paasIndirect verbGalat
said (koi person nahi)said thattold that (bina object)
said to me / said to hertold me / told her thatsaid to me that (keys aksar told maangti); told to me
sawal quotesasked / enquired / wanted to knowtold if… (statement nahi tha)
Please / kindlyrequested + object + toordered please ke saath
hukum / don'tordered / told / forbade / advised + to / not toasked that open
Let'ssuggested / proposed that we shouldtold to let us
Hurrah / Alas / What a…exclaimed with joy / sorrow / exclaimed thatsaid hurrah that
Good morning / congratulationswished / congratulatedsaid good morning that

told ke baad person zaroori: told me, told them. He told that he was ill Class-X galat. Object nahi to said that.

Pronoun — bolne wala / sunne wala

Quotes ke andar I, we = speaker. you = listener. Indirect mein unhe reporting ke hisaab se he/she/they/I/me banao.

DirectAgar speaker he, listener me
He said to me, "I am your friend."He told me that he was my friend.
He said to me, "You are late."He told me that I was late.
She said to him, "We will help you."She told him that they would help him.
Ram said, "I live in Jaipur."Ram said that he lived in Jaipur.

my→his/her/my (kiske baare). your→my/his/her. our→their/our. POS case POS pe; yahan kaun bol raha.

Backshift — reporting verb PAST ho to

He said / told / asked (past) → andar ka tense ek kadam peeche. Yeh 12-box fill-in nahi — tenses pe clock; yahan report karte hue khisakna.

Direct (quotes mein)Indirect (said past)
am / iswas
arewere
do / does + V1; V1 (write)did + V1 / V2 (wrote)
is writingwas writing
has / have + V3had + V3
has been writinghad been writing
wrote / V2had + V3
was writinghad been writing
had + V3had + V3 (aur peeche nahi)
will / shallwould / should
cancould
maymight
must (us waqt ki majboori)had to
must (rule / hamesha farz)must (backshift nahi)
would, could, might, should, ought toaksar same

can→could yahan shift hai, can vs may choose nahi — woh modals.

must do ghar: He said, "I must leave now." → He said that he had to leave then (us pal ki majboori). He said, "You must obey the law." → He said that we must obey the law (hamesha ka rule — backshift nahi).

Example

He said, "I am tired." / She said, "I have posted the form." / Ram said, "I will go."

Solution

  1. said = past

    am→was. have posted→had posted. will→would. I of speaker→he/she.

AnswerHe said that he was tired · She said that she had posted the form · Ram said that he would go

Time aur place words

DirectIndirect
nowthen
today / tonightthat day / that night
yesterdaythe previous day / the day before
tomorrowthe next day / the following day
last week / last nightthe previous week / the previous night
next weekthe following week
agobefore
herethere
this / thesethat / those
hence / thusthence / so

He said, "I bought this yesterday." → He said that he had bought that the previous day. (this→that, yesterday→previous day, bought→had bought)

Agar report usi din usi jagah ho (keys rare), kabhi today/here rehne dete. Class-X default: table se badlo jab said past ho.

Statements — that

He said, "I live in Jaipur." → He said that he lived in Jaipur.

He said to me, "I will help you tomorrow." → He told me that he would help me the next day.

that Class-X keys mein aksar likha rehta. Comma + quotes hatao. Sawal nahi to if mat laga.

Questions — if / wh, inversion mat

TarahDirectIndirect
Yes / no (Do, Did, Is, Are, Can…)He said to me, "Are you ready?"He asked me if / whether I was ready.
Wh (where, what, who, why, how, when)She said, "Where do you live?"She asked where I lived.

Kasauti: Indirect sawal = statement order. asked where I lived sahi. asked where did I live galat (do inversion). asked that where galat (that + wh nahi). do/does/did quotes se utar ke tense V2/was mein sama jate.

Example

He said to me, "Do you play cricket?" / She said to him, "What is your name?"

Solution

  1. Yes/no

    Do you play → if I played. asked me, not told.

  2. Wh

    What is your name → what his name was. not what was his name (Class-X inversion trap).

AnswerHe asked me if I played cricket · She asked him what his name was

Imperative — to / not to

DirectIndirect
"Open the door," he said to me.He told / ordered me to open the door.
"Please help me," she said.She requested me to help her.
"Don't touch the wires," the teacher said to us.The teacher told us not to touch the wires. / forbade us to touch the wires.
"Work hard," father said.Father advised me to work hard.
"Let us go to Amer Fort," he said.He suggested that they should go to Amer Fort. / proposed going…
"Let him go," she said.She said that he might be allowed to go. (ijazat; voice-let alag voice)

Please → requested. Don't → not to / forbade. Let's → suggested. that + V1 hukum mein nahi: *He told that open galat. to + V1.

Exclamation, wish, yes-no short

DirectIndirect
"What a beautiful fort it is!"He exclaimed that it was a very beautiful fort.
"Hurrah! We have won."They exclaimed with joy that they had won.
"Alas! I am undone."He exclaimed with sorrow that he was undone.
"Good morning, sir."He wished the teacher / his sir good morning.
"May you live long."He prayed that I might live long.
"Yes, I will help."He replied in the affirmative that he would help. / said that he would…
"Thank you."He thanked me.

What/How wale vaaky: very + adjective, that-clause. Interjection POS Alas pe naam; yahan exclaimed with…

Jahan backshift nahi

  • Reporting present/future: He says, "I am busy." → He says that he is busy. He will say, "I am free." → will say that he is free.
  • Universal truth / proverb / science: He said, "The sun rises in the east." → He said that the sun rises in the east. (rose Class-X galat)
  • Ab bhi sach / historical date keys: kabhi present rehne dete. Default paper: "always / every day / the earth" dikhe to mat khiska.

Do clock mat mila. He said, "I am tired" = was (us pal ki baat, truth nahi). Earth/sun/water boils = present reh.

Traps — yahi kat'te hain

1. told that (bina object)

said that / told me that.

2. told to me

told me. said to sirf direct mein dikhta; indirect told.

3. I am freeze

said past + I am → he was. He says + I am → he is.

4. asked where did I

asked where I lived. Statement order.

5. asked that / told if mix

that statement. if yes/no. wh apna word. to hukum.

6. yesterday reh gaya

the previous day + had + V3 aksar saath.

7. sun rose (truth)

rises. Khiska mat.

8. Please ka Let the door be opened

requested to open = narration. Let be opened = voice.

9. can matlab may

He said he could = shift. can vs may choose modals.

10. usne kaha ki main… isliye I am

Hindi ki-clause tense English jaisa nahi. English rules se chalo.

Paper pe paanch kadam

  1. Kaun sa sentence? bayan / haan-na / wh / hukum / wow / let's.
  2. Reporting verb? said that, told + person, asked, requested, suggested, exclaimed.
  3. Pronoun? speaker vs listener.
  4. said past? backshift + time-place. says/truth? mat khiska.
  5. Doosra extra mat. be+V3, 12-box blank, each…is, a/an, in/on.
Galat list. He told that. told to me. He said that I am tired (jab said past, speaker he). asked where did you. asked that if. Let the door be opened for please-help. The sun rose in the east after said. yesterday as-is with had-not. A letter is written = narration.

Q 1–10

Q1

Narration kya palat'ta hai?

  1. Object ko subject, be+V3
  2. Quotes hatao; pronoun + tense-shift + time-word; that/if/to
  3. a/an/the
  4. in/on/at + object

Solution

  1. Report

    Voice dhancha. Articles pointer. Prep relation. Yahan kisi ki baat doosre ke munh se.

AnswerB
Q2

He said, "I am tired."

  1. He said that I am tired
  2. He said that he was tired
  3. He said that he is tired — shift nahi
  4. He said that he has been tired

Solution

  1. Past + I

    I of he → he. am → was. told nahi (koi me nahi).

AnswerB
Q3

He said to me, "I will help you."

  1. He said to me that I will help you
  2. He told me that he would help me
  3. He told to me that he will help me
  4. He said me that he would

Solution

  1. said to me → told me

    I→he, you→me, will→would. to me after told nahi.

AnswerB
Q4

She said, "I have posted the form."

  1. She said that she has posted the form
  2. She said that she had posted the form
  3. She said that she posted the form — have gira, had nahi aaya
  4. The form was posted by her — voice

Solution

  1. Present perfect → past perfect

    has posted → had posted. Voice alag palat.

AnswerB
Q5

He said, "The sun rises in the east."

  1. He said that the sun rose in the east
  2. He said that the sun rises in the east
  3. He said that the sun had risen
  4. The sun is risen — voice

Solution

  1. Truth

    rises reh. Q2 am tired truth nahi tha isliye was. Yahan science.

AnswerB
Q6

He said to me, "Are you ready?"

  1. He told me that are you ready
  2. He asked me if I was ready
  3. He said me if I am ready
  4. He asked that I was ready

Solution

  1. Yes/no

    asked + if + statement order. you→I, are→was. that nahi, inversion nahi.

AnswerB
Q7

She said, "Where do you live?"

  1. She asked that where did I live
  2. She asked where I lived
  3. She asked where did I live
  4. She told where I live

Solution

  1. Wh + order

    where + I lived. did inversion mat. that mat. Q6 if tha; yahan wh.

AnswerB
Q8

He said to me, "Please open the door."

  1. He said me please open the door
  2. He requested me to open the door
  3. Let the door be opened — voice
  4. He asked if I open the door

Solution

  1. Please = requested + to

    Hukum narration. Passive Let alag extra.

AnswerB
Q9

He said, "I bought this yesterday."

  1. He said that he bought this yesterday
  2. He said that he had bought that the previous day
  3. He said that he has bought that
  4. This was bought by him — voice

Solution

  1. Teen palat

    bought→had bought. this→that. yesterday→the previous day.

AnswerB
Q10

A letter is written by Ram. Yeh narration extra hai?

  1. Haan, is written = said that
  2. Nahi — be+V3 = voice; narration quotes / that-if-to
  3. Article an
  4. each of the boys

Solution

  1. Fence

    Q4 form posted voice nahi tha. Yahan sirf palat karta-karm.

AnswerB

Practice

Ye dus alag kone hain — upar wale dus ki nakal nahi.

12345 678910
P1

He says, "I am busy."

  1. He says that he was busy — galat shift
  2. He says that he is busy
  3. He said that he is busy — reporting bhi past kar di
  4. He tells that he is busy — tells bina object

Solution

  1. says = present

    am→is, I→he. Q2 said past tha; yahan mat khiska.

AnswerB
P2

He said, "I can swim."

  1. He said that he can swim
  2. He said that he could swim
  3. He said that he may swim — matlab modals
  4. He can swim — quotes hata ke khatam nahi

Solution

  1. can → could

    Shift, can vs may choose nahi.

AnswerB
P3

"Don't touch the wires," the teacher said to us.

  1. The teacher said us don't touch
  2. The teacher told us not to touch the wires
  3. Let the wires not be touched — voice
  4. The teacher asked if we touch

Solution

  1. Don't = not to

    Q8 please-to tha; yahan mana. forbade us to touch bhi keys.

AnswerB
P4

He said, "I have been living here since 2010."

  1. He said that he has been living here since 2010
  2. He said that he had been living there since 2010
  3. since sirf prep extra, narration nahi
  4. He said that he lived here

Solution

  1. Perfect cont + here

    has been→had been. here→there. since 2010 point rehta (prep layer tenses).

AnswerB
P5

She said to him, "What is your name?"

  1. She told him what is your name
  2. She asked him what his name was
  3. She asked him what was his name — inversion
  4. She said what his name is

Solution

  1. Wh + was end pe

    your→his, is→was. Q7 where I lived; yahan what his name was.

AnswerB
P6

He said, "Let us go to Amer Fort."

  1. He said to let us go
  2. He suggested that they should go to Amer Fort
  3. Let Amer Fort be gone — voice
  4. He asked if we go

Solution

  1. Let's

    suggested / proposed. Q8 to-infinitive hukum; yahan should-clause.

AnswerB
P7

"Hurrah! We have won," they said.

  1. They said hurrah they have won
  2. They exclaimed with joy that they had won
  3. They asked if they had won
  4. They told that they won

Solution

  1. Joy

    exclaimed with joy. have won→had won. We→they.

AnswerB
P8

He ___ that he was ill. (koi person-object nahi)

  1. told — told object maangta
  2. said
  3. asked if — sawal nahi
  4. ordered to

Solution

  1. said that

    Q3 told me tha kyunki said to me. Yahan object nahi.

AnswerB
P9

Hindi "usne kaha ki main thak gaya hoon" se English I am freeze?

  1. Haan, ki-clause hamesha present
  2. Nahi — English He said that he was tired; Hindi kaal seedha nakal mat
  3. Yeh sandhi hai
  4. Yeh a/an hai

Solution

  1. Do bhasha

    Hindi hoon English am nahi chipkata after said. Backshift English ka kaanun.

AnswerB
P10

Each of the boys is present. Change into indirect — yeh narration?

  1. Haan, is = was hamesha narration
  2. Nahi — quotes/said nahi; each…is = SVA; narration alag
  3. Voice be+V3
  4. the Ganga

Solution

  1. Fence

    Agreement = SVA. Narration tab jab koi bol ke report ho.

AnswerB

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