noteswale
Noteclerical

Articles / determiners

Lesson 11 of 113

Topic kya maangta hai

Paper blank bharwata hai: ___ hour, ___ university, ___ Ganga, ___ Everest. Pooche noun ke pehle kya pointer. Tense nahi (saw V2 alag). on the table ka on — prepositions.

Yahan padhna

Indefinite a/an (sound, not spelling). Definite the. Zero article. First vs second mention. Profession. Superlative/ordinal. Rivers-ranges vs Mount/Lake/city. school vs the school. some/any, much/many, little/a little, few/a few. each/every. another/the other. Determiner order. Rajasthan names: Aravallis, Thar, Ganga, Jaipur.

Yahan mat ghusana

has/have + V3 — tenses. slowly / gerund — POS (my book yahan determiner, mine pronoun wahan). in/on/at list — prepositions. Each of the boys is — SVA extra (yahan each ka meaning). Can/must — modals. Hindi का/एक — alag bhasha.

Ek line: Article/determiner noun ko point karta hai — ek, wahi, koi, kitne. Verb ka clock nahi.

Teen articles + zero

NaamNoun pe shartMatlab
aindefinitesingular countable, consonant soundek / koi ek, pehli baar
anindefinitesingular countable, vowel soundwahi, sirf awaaz alag
thedefinitesingular/plural/uncountable — jab pehchan patawahi wala, unique, dusri baar
zero (kuch nahi)—plural / uncountable general; aksar proper namesclass / substance / naam

Determiner bada chhatta hai: articles uske andar. this, some, my, each bhi determiners. Purani Class-X keys a/an/the ko article kehti, my/this ko adjective. Paper jo label likhe woh; job ek: noun se pehle pointer. Quality adjective (red, honest) alag — honest officer mein honest quality hai, an uske pehle article hai.

a/an sirf singular countable. a water, a furnitures, an informations galat. Water uncountable: some water / the water. Books plural: books / the books, a books nahi.

a ya an — letter nahi, awaaz

An tab jab agla word swar-awaaz se shuru: a, e, i, o, u ki boli (hour = our). A tab jab vyanjan-awaaz: b, d, g, k, yu-, w-.

Likha vowel, awaaz vyanjan → aLikha consonant, awaaz swar → an
a university, a union, a useful book, a European, a one-rupee note, a one-eyed man, a unicorn (yu-) an hour, an honest man, an honour, an heir, an MBA, an MA, an FIR, an SP, an SOS, an MLA, an MP

university yu- se — y-awaaz, isliye a university. hour our jaisa — h chup, isliye an hour. honest, honour, heir same silent h. Modern hotel / historic aksar a (h boli jaati); purani keys kabhi an historic — paper ke option ke saath chalo, Class-X default: hour/honest = an, hotel = a.

Abbreviations: jo letter vowel-sound se padha jaye → an. F = ef → an FIR. M = em → an MLA / an MBA. U = yu → a UPSC form. Paper letter ke naam ki awaaz gino, spelling ki nahi.

Example

___ university aur ___ hour?

Solution

  1. Awaaz

    university = yu. hour = our (h silent).

  2. Articles

    a university. an hour. Spelling se mat: university U se shuru, phir bhi a.

Answera university · an hour

a / an kab — ek, koi, pehli baar

  • Pehli baar, anishchit: I saw a dog. (kaun-sa abhi nahi)
  • Class ka ek member / profession: He is a teacher. She is an engineer. Ram is a Rajasthani.
  • Rate: once a week, ₹10 a kilo, 60 km an hour.
  • Exclamation: What a beautiful fort! Such an idea!
  • Few phrases: a lot of, a few, a little, a number of, have a bath, take a rest, in a hurry.

Proper name ke saath a tab jab «ek aisa»: A Mr Sharma came (koi Sharma). Sirf Mr Sharma zero.

the kab — wahi, unique, dusri baar

UseExample
Dusri baar (pehle a/an)I saw a dog. The dog was lame.
Unique / context-uniquethe sun, the moon, the sky, the earth; Close the door (is kamre ki)
Superlative / ordinal / same / only / nextthe best, the first, the same, the only child, the next train
Instrument (play)play the tabla, the violin, the flute — play cricket (sport) zero
Adjective = poori classthe poor, the rich, the blind
Invention / famousthe telephone, the Taj Mahal; Amer Fort (keys kabhi the Amer Fort)
Newspaper / granththe Times of India, the Vedas, the Ramayana, the Quran, the Bible
Cinema / theatre jaanago to the cinema (British-style Class-X)

the more… the merrier comparison structure — degrees extra pe tables; yahan the article hai.

Zero article — khali theek

  • Uncountable general: Milk is white. Honesty is rare. (the milk in this glass = specific)
  • Plural general: Dogs bark. Forts of Rajasthan attract tourists.
  • Meals: have breakfast / lunch / dinner (the dinner you cooked = specific)
  • Languages: She speaks Hindi. (the Hindi language — kabhi the + language)
  • Sports / games: play cricket, play chess
  • Days/months in general: on Monday, in June (the Monday we met = specific)
  • by bus, by train, at night, in bed, at home, on foot
  • Most people/place names — next section

Jagah-naam — the ya zero

the + zero +
nadi, sagar, canal, desert, parvat-shreni, island-group: the Ganga, the Yamuna, the Chambal, the Indian Ocean, the Thar, the Aravallis, the Himalayas, the Andamans mahaadweep, zyada tar desh, shehar, gaon, sadak, ek jheel (Lake), ek chhoti: India, Rajasthan, Jaipur, Ajmer, Mount Abu, Mount Everest, Lake Sambhar / Sambhar Lake, Africa
desh jisme Republic/Kingdom/States/plural: the USA, the UK, the UAE, the Netherlands, the Maldives, the Philippines France, Japan, China, Pakistan (the Punjab kabhi regional; paper India/Rajasthan = zero)

Kasauti: range/group/desert/river = the. Mount + naam / Lake + naam / city / most country = zero. the Himalayas, Mount Everest. the Aravallis, Mount Abu. the Thar Desert, Jaipur.

school, hospital, jail — purpose vs building

Institution ke kaam se jao → aksar zero. Building/jagah point → the.

Purpose (zero)Building / specific (the)
go to school (padhne)go to the school (building, meeting)
in hospital (ilaj, British)near the hospital
in prison / in jail (saza)at the jail gate
go to bed, go to church (prarthna)sit on the bed, visit the church (architecture)
at college / at university (UK)the university of Rajasthan (naam+the often)

American English hospital ke saath the zyada; Class-X keys aksar British: in hospital. Option dono hon to purpose vs building dekho.

Baaki determiners — this, my, each

SetExamplesYaad
Demonstrativethis, that, these, thoseakela = pronoun (POS); + noun = determiner
Possessivemy, your, his, her, its, our, theirmy book; mine alag page
Distributiveeach, every, either, neither+ singular noun; each of the boys → SVA extra
Quantifierssome, any, much, many, few, little, all, both, enough, nocount vs uncount neeche
Articlesa, an, theupar

Do articles ek saath nahi: the a book, my the bag, a my friend galat. a friend of mine theek (mine pronoun).

each vs every: each = alag-alag (do ya zyada, aksar chhota group). every = saari members ek jaise. each hand, every day. Dono + singular verb: Each boy is… Every boy is…

either / neither: do mein se. either = koi ek; neither = koi nahi. of the two. Both = dono.

some / any, few / little — ginti aur mood

Countable pluralUncountable
Question / negative defaultany booksany water
Affirmative defaultsome bookssome water
Offer / request (positive ummeed)Would you like some tea?same
zyadamanymuch
almost none (nakaarat)few friends (akelapan)little hope
thode, kaafi (positive)a few friendsa little sugar

few ≠ a few. few = almost none, udaas. a few = kuch hain, theek. little / a little same uncountable pe. Few students passed = almost none. A few students passed = kuch pass hue. the few / the little = wahi chhote jo hain, specific: the few books I have / the little water left.

any affirmative: Any student may apply = har koi. no + noun = not any: I have no money = I do not have any money.

another, other, the other, others

FormMatlabExample
another + singularek aur, koi auranother cup, another day
other + pluralaur (general)other books
the otherbachi hui specificone shoe… the other shoe; the other day (= recently, idiom)
othersaur log/cheezein (pronoun)Some stayed; others left.
the othersbaaki saare specificTwo came; the others were late.

Order — pehle pointer, phir ginti, phir quality

those three old forts — determiner → number → adjective → noun. my two red pens.

all / both aksar the/my se pehle: all the boys, both my hands. half: half the money.

Adjective order (opinion-size-colour) degrees/error extras pe gehra; yahan determiner pehle rehta.

Traps — yahi kat'te hain

1. Spelling se a/an

university U = an? Nahi. hour H = a? Nahi.

2. the Himalayas vs Mount Everest

Range = the. Mount + naam = zero.

3. play the cricket

Sport zero. Instrument the.

4. a water / a news

Uncountable. some news / the news is…

5. few vs a few

Mood ulta ho jata.

6. the my book

Ek determiner slot. a friend of mine.

7. Tense se article

I saw ___ eagle — saw V2 tenses; blank an (vowel sound). Mix mat.

8. in the school hamesha galat nahi

Building vs padhai. Purpose dekho.

Paper pe paanch kadam

  1. Noun kaisi? singular countable / plural / uncountable / proper.
  2. Pehchan pata? unique, dusri baar, superlative → the. General class → zero (plural/uncount).
  3. a/an? sirf singular countable, pehli baar/class — phir sound.
  4. Quantifier? count vs uncount; some/any mood; few vs a few.
  5. Doosra extra mat. tense, POS mine, in/on/at, SVA each of.
Galat list. an university. a hour. a honest. the Everest. the Jaipur. the Mount Abu. play the cricket. a water. I have seen him yesterday decide karta a/an. few = khushi se kuch. the Ganga ke bina the. the Aravallis ke bina the.

Q 1–10

Q1

a vs an kispe tika?

  1. Pehle letter vowel hai to an hamesha
  2. Agle word ki awaaz — vowel sound to an, consonant sound to a
  3. Tense present hai to a
  4. Preposition in hai to an

Solution

  1. Sound

    university letter U, awaaz yu → a. Tense/prep alag extras.

AnswerB
Q2

She is ___ university student.

  1. an — U dekh ke mat
  2. a
  3. the (pehli baar class)
  4. no article with singular countable yahan nahi chalta

Solution

  1. yu-

    a university. Profession/class = a/an.

AnswerB
Q3

Wait for ___ hour.

  1. a — h dikhta
  2. an
  3. the hour hamesha unique nahi is line mein
  4. zero

Solution

  1. Silent h

    hour = our (h chup). an hour. an honest same family.

AnswerB
Q4

___ Ganga is sacred.

  1. zero — nadi ke saath the
  2. The
  3. A
  4. An

Solution

  1. River

    the Ganga, the Chambal, the Yamuna. Jaipur zero.

AnswerB
Q5

___ Mount Everest is the highest peak.

  1. The — range Himalayas pe the, Mount+naam pe nahi
  2. zero (blank)
  3. A
  4. An

Solution

  1. Mount + naam

    Mount Everest, Mount Abu. the Himalayas, the Aravallis. Superlative the highest alag slot.

AnswerB
Q6

He is ___ doctor.

  1. the — unique tab jab is gaon ka wahi ek specify ho
  2. a
  3. an — d consonant
  4. zero — singular countable profession a maangta

Solution

  1. Class

    a doctor, an engineer. the doctor jo abhi aaya = specific.

AnswerB
Q7

I saw a camel. ___ camel sat near the well.

  1. A — dusri baar indefinite nahi
  2. The
  3. An
  4. zero

Solution

  1. Second mention

    Pehle a, phir the. Well yahan context-unique the well.

AnswerB
Q8

___ milk is good for health. (general)

  1. The — glass-specific hota
  2. zero
  3. A — uncountable a nahi
  4. An

Solution

  1. Substance general

    Milk is… The milk in this glass is sour = specific.

AnswerB
Q9

She has ___ friends in Kota, so she is not lonely.

  1. few — almost none, lonely hota
  2. a few
  3. little — uncountable
  4. a

Solution

  1. Positive thode

    a few = kuch hain. few = almost none. little hope, not friends.

AnswerB
Q10

She plays ___ cricket, and she plays ___ violin.

  1. the ; zero
  2. zero ; the
  3. a ; a
  4. the ; the

Solution

  1. Sport vs instrument

    cricket zero. the violin. Ulta option A.

AnswerB

Practice

Ye dus alag kone hain — upar wale dus ki nakal nahi.

12345 678910
P1

Articles kis bade ghar ke hain?

  1. Tenses
  2. Determiners (noun se pehle pointers)
  3. Prepositions
  4. Modals

Solution

  1. Pointer

    a/an/the + this/some/my. Clock nahi.

AnswerB
P2

He is ___ MBA.

  1. a — M consonant letter, awaaz em
  2. an
  3. the hamesha
  4. zero

Solution

  1. Letter sound

    an MBA, an MLA, an FIR. a UPSC (yu).

AnswerB
P3

___ sun rises in the east.

  1. A
  2. The
  3. zero
  4. An

Solution

  1. Unique

    the sun, the moon. rises = present simple tense alag layer.

AnswerB
P4

Children go to ___ school at eight. (padhne)

  1. the — building meeting nahi, purpose
  2. zero
  3. a school har din naya
  4. an

Solution

  1. Institution

    go to school. Parents went to the school to meet the teacher = building.

AnswerB
P5

I do not have ___ money.

  1. some — negative default any/no
  2. any
  3. a — uncountable
  4. an

Solution

  1. Negative

    any. I have some money affirmative. Would you like some tea = offer.

AnswerB
P6

There is ___ hope, so we should try. (thodi, positive)

  1. little — almost none, udaas
  2. a little
  3. few — countable
  4. a few — countable

Solution

  1. Uncount + positive

    a little hope. little hope = almost none. Q9 friends pe a few tha; yahan uncount.

AnswerB
P7

The Aravallis / Jaipur — articles?

  1. zero Aravallis ; the Jaipur
  2. the Aravallis ; zero Jaipur
  3. the ; the
  4. zero ; zero — range bhi the maangti

Solution

  1. Range vs city

    the Aravallis, the Thar. Jaipur, Rajasthan, India zero. Mount Abu zero.

AnswerB
P8

This is my book. my yahan?

  1. Possessive pronoun mine
  2. Possessive determiner (purani key: adjective) — noun ke pehle; mine POS pe
  3. Article a
  4. Tense helper

Solution

  1. Slot

    my + book. This is mine = pronoun. Dono pages milke, mix na.

AnswerB
P9

I saw him yesterday. Blank ___ eagle tense se decide hoga?

  1. Haan, past simple isliye the
  2. Nahi — saw = tense; eagle vowel sound = an; dono layers alag
  3. Preposition on decide karta
  4. Hindi ek hamesha a

Solution

  1. Do sawal

    Time alag, pointer alag. an eagle / a bird.

AnswerB
P10

The book is ___ the table. Blank in/on/at — yeh article topic?

  1. Haan, the ke baad hamesha on
  2. Nahi — in/on/at prepositions extra; the yahan table ko definite karta, on relation hai
  3. Tense future
  4. Interjection

Solution

  1. Fence

    the table = article. on = prepositions.

AnswerB

← List · ← Tenses

Next: Prepositions.