noteswale
Notegraduate

Ambiguity, emphasis, rhythm

Lesson 74 of 84

C1

Do matlab mat chhodo. Zor wahan rakho jahan naya fact hai. Lamba ke baad chhota punch = rhythm. Never have I = 58. It was Ravi who = 60. Paragraph jod this crowding = 73. Metaphor = 75.

1. Kya hai

Ambiguity = reader ko do raste. Emphasis = kaun sa word heavy. Rhythm = saans: sab short = kat-kat; sab long = dam ghutta hai.

Job Yaad rakho Not this page
clear karta Walking to the metro, Ravi got wet. participle form map = 59
end-weight (bhaari hissa end pe) Ravi was surprised that the metro was late. this crowding glue = 73
parallel list chai, cricket and swimming simile / metaphor = 75

2. Ambiguity

Galti Two readings Yaad rakho
galat karta (-ing) Walking to the metro, the rain started. As Ravi walked to the metro, the rain started.
unclear he / this Ravi told Papa he was late. / Packed metro and a closed form. This was unfair. Ravi told Papa, 'I am late.' / This deadline was unfair.
only jagah I only ate samosas. (sirf khaya?) I ate only samosas. (aur kuch nahi)
adverb do jagah chipak sake People who queue often miss the train. People who often queue… / …miss the train often.

Hindi actually / only / itself = I9, yahan nahi. Extra-info comma meaning = 61 / 67, yahan extra. Near/far this chai = 14.

3. Emphasis & rhythm

Tool Yaad rakho Example
end-weight (bhaari hissa end pe) naya / bhaari hissa end pe Ravi was surprised that the metro was late.
contrast front object pehle, inversion nahi The metro I cannot skip. Chai I can.
parallel list = same shape Meera likes chai, cricket and swimming.
mix length ek lamba, phir chhota punch After a long queue, Ravi drank chai. Then he left.

I do want chai / Never have I = 58, yahan extra. It was Ravi who brought samosas = 60, yahan extra. Dash extra pause = 67. Har line metaphor = 75, yahan nahi.

4. Examples

Bold = clear / heavy.

  1. As Ravi walked to the metro, the rain started.
  2. Walking to the metro, Ravi got wet. (karta = Ravi)
  3. Ravi told Papa, 'I am late.'
  4. The metro was packed and the form closed. This deadline was unfair.
  5. I ate only samosas. (nothing else)
  6. People who often queue miss the train. (often = queue)
  7. People who queue miss the train often. (often = miss)
  8. Ravi served the guests samosas on small plates. (plates = serve, not guests)
  9. Ravi was surprised that the metro was late. (bhaari hissa end pe)
  10. The metro I cannot skip. Chai I can.
  11. Meera likes chai, cricket and swimming.
  12. After a long queue at the station, Ravi drank chai. Then he left.
  13. I do want another cup. (58 extra)
  14. It was Ravi who brought the samosas. (60 extra)
  15. The delay — the monsoon delay — wrecked the form queue. (67 pause)

5. Common mistakes

Walking to the metro, the rain started.
As Ravi walked to the metro, the rain started.
Ravi told Papa he was late. (kaun late?)
Ravi told Papa, 'I am late.' / Ravi said Papa was late.
I only ate samosas. (matlab: aur kuch nahi — unclear)
I ate only samosas. Hindi only = I9, yahan nahi.
That the metro was late surprised Ravi.
Ravi was surprised that the metro was late.
Meera likes chai, cricket and to swim.
Meera likes chai, cricket and swimming.
He came. He sat. He drank. He left. / And and and one breathless line.
After a long queue, Ravi drank chai. Then he left.
Never have I (58, yahan nahi) / It was Ravi who (60, yahan nahi)
58 / 60. Here: two readings, end-weight, parallel.
The queue was a roaring river of fate. (75, yahan nahi)
Metaphor = 75. Glue this crowding = 73.
Hindi note. -ing shuru ho to agla noun wahi karta ho. he / this ke do malik mat chhodo. only us word ke pehle jisko limit karna hai. Naya fact end pe; list ek shape; lamba ke baad chhota punch.

6. Practice

A. 10 MCQ

1. Walking to the metro, the rain started. Fix:
2. Ravi told Papa he was late. Clear:
3. Nothing else — only samosas:
4. Make often modify queue:
5. End-weight. Fix: That the metro was late surprised Ravi.
6. Meera likes chai, cricket and ______.
7. He came. He sat. He drank. He left. Better rhythm:
8. Contrast front (not 58, not 60):
9. Packed metro and a closed form. This was unfair. Clear:
10. This page is not:

B. 5 fill-in

1. I ate ______ samosas. (nothing else)

2. Meera likes chai, cricket and ______. (parallel noun)

3. People who ______ queue miss the train. (often = queue)

4. ______ I cannot skip. (contrast front — the metro)

5. Sahi karo: Walking to the metro, the rain started.

C. 3 sentences

Model answers neeche. Ek galat-karta fix, ek only, ek parallel.

  1. galat karta fix: As Ravi walked to the metro, the rain started.
  2. only: I ate only samosas.
  3. parallel: Meera likes chai, cricket and swimming.

7. Answer key

MCQ
  1. a) As Ravi walked… — karta clear. Never = 58. This crowding = 73.
  2. b) 'I am late.' — he two malik. Well = 66.
  3. a) I ate only samosas. — only + focused noun. actually/itself = I9.
  4. b) People who often queue… — often next to queue. miss often = doosri reading. Never = 58.
  5. b) Ravi was surprised that… — heavy clause end pe. Never = 58.
  6. a) swimming — noun like chai / cricket. to swim / swam shape toot.
  7. a) After a long queue… Then he left. — mix. extra stops choppy. river = 75.
  8. a) The metro I cannot skip. — front, no inversion. Never / It was = 58 / 60.
  9. b) This deadline was unfair. — naam do. This empty. must have = 72.
  10. c) metaphor / simile — 75, not 74.
Fill-in
  1. only
  2. swimming
  3. often
  4. The metro
  5. As Ravi walked to the metro, the rain started.
Model sentences
  1. As Ravi walked to the metro, the rain started.
  2. I ate only samosas.
  3. Meera likes chai, cricket and swimming.

Check: -ing ko karta chahiye; unclear he/this; only next to focus; adverb do jagah mat chipkao; bhaari hissa end pe; contrast front ≠ 58; parallel lists; mix length; this+noun glue = 73; do/Never = 58; It was = 60; dash = 67; hedge = 71; must have = 72; metaphor = 75; only/actually Hindi = I9.