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Noteclass 9 10

Linking words

Lesson 53 of 84

B1

Linking words = jumle jod. however / although = contrast (farak). therefore = result (isliye / nateeja). Simple and / but / so = topic 30. Independent vs dependent = topic 50. well / actually / on the other hand = topic 66 — yahan core nahi.

1. Kya hai

Same kaam, thoda formal. Simple and / but / so = topic 30. Yahan: exam / formal sentence.

Job Simple (topic 30) This page
Contrast (farak) but however (do simples). although (dependent)
Result (isliye) so therefore
Reason because naya word nahi — because topic 30 pe

but however double = topic 30 me galat. Yahan bhi mat lagao.

2. however / therefore

Dono independent clauses ke beech (akela chal sake). Naya sentence shuru. Dependent nahi banate (topic 50).

Word Matlab Example
however contrast. Formal but. Full stop, phir comma I was tired. However, I cooked.
therefore result. Formal so The auto was full. Therefore, we waited.

Beech me bhi: I was tired. I cooked, however. (end = kam formal). Exam me aksar: sentence start + comma. Semicolon I was tired; however, I cooked chalega — topic 67.

so ek hi sentence: I missed the bus, so I took an auto. (topic 30). therefore aksar naya sentence.

3. although / even though / despite

Form Ke baad Example
although / even though subject + verb (dependent, topic 50) Although I was tired, I cooked. Even though it rained, we played.
despite / in spite of noun ya -ing — clause nahi Despite the rain, we played. In spite of being late, she finished.

even though ≈ although, thoda stronger. though informal; end me: I cooked, though.

Dependent pehle = comma (topic 50): Although I was tired, I cooked. Baad me aksar nahi: I cooked although I was tired.

-ing clause as a system = topic 59. Yahan sirf despite being. on the other hand = topic 66.

4. Examples

Bold = linker.

  1. I was tired. However, I cooked dal.
  2. The chai was hot. I drank it, however.
  3. The auto was full. Therefore, we waited.
  4. I missed the bus, so I took an auto. (topic 30)
  5. Although I was tired, I cooked.
  6. I cooked although I was tired.
  7. Even though it rained, we played cricket.
  8. Despite the rain, the match went on.
  9. In spite of being late, she finished the paper.
  10. The shop was shut. Therefore, we made chai at home.
  11. I like filter coffee. However, Amma prefers chai.
  12. Although the exam was long, Riya stayed calm.
  13. We set off at dawn. However, the train was late.
  14. There was no petrol. Therefore, we walked.
  15. I cooked, though. (informal end)

5. Common mistakes

I like chai but however I don't like coffee.
I like chai, but I don't like coffee. / I like chai. However, I don't like coffee.
Although I was tired.
Although I was tired, I cooked. (dependent akela = topic 50 adhura jumla)
Although I was tired, however I cooked.
Although I was tired, I cooked. / I was tired. However, I cooked. (ek contrast)
Despite I was tired. / Despite it rained.
Despite being tired. / Despite the rain. / Although it rained.
Although the rain, we played.
Despite the rain, we played. / Although it rained, we played.
I was tired, however I cooked. (sirf comma — naya sentence chahiye)
I was tired. However, I cooked. Semicolon = topic 67.
Because I missed the bus, so I took an auto.
Because I missed the bus, I took an auto. / I missed the bus, so I took an auto. (topic 30)
therefore = although (contrast)
therefore = result. although / however = contrast.
Hindi note. however / therefore = naya poora vakya, comma ke baad. although = dependent clause (subject + verb). despite = noun / -ing, poora vakya nahi. but / so simple = topic 30. Do contrast words ek saath mat lagao.

6. Practice

A. 10 MCQ

1. I was tired. ______, I cooked.
2. ______ I was tired, I cooked.
3. The auto was full. ______, we waited. (result)
4. I missed the bus, ______ I took an auto. (simple, topic 30)
5. ______ the rain, the match went on.
6. Despite ______ late, she finished the paper.
7. Farak, formal, two sentences.
8. Kaunsa theek hai?
9. ______ it rained, we played cricket.
10. The shop was shut. ______, we made chai at home. (result)

B. 5 fill-in

1. I was tired. ______, I cooked. (however)

2. ______ I was tired, I cooked. (although)

3. The auto was full. ______, we waited. (result, formal)

4. ______ the rain, the match went on. (noun ke saath)

5. Sahi karo: Although I was tired.

C. 3 sentences

Model answers neeche. Ek however, ek although, ek therefore.

  1. however: I was tired. However, I cooked.
  2. although: Although I was tired, I cooked.
  3. therefore: The auto was full. Therefore, we waited.

7. Answer key

MCQ
  1. a) However — naya independent. although ke baad subject+verb chahiye.
  2. a) Although — dependent + comma. however yahan clause nahi jodta.
  3. a) Therefore — result. although / despite = contrast.
  4. b) so — simple result, ek sentence (topic 30). however naya sentence maangta.
  5. a) Despite — + noun (the rain). although + clause.
  6. a) being — despite + -ing. she was = clause, galat.
  7. b) I like chai. However, Amma prefers coffee. — but however double. C fragment.
  8. b) Although I was tired, I cooked. — ek contrast. however + although double. C: however clause nahi.
  9. a) Even though — + clause. despite it rained galat.
  10. a) Therefore — result. shop shut → chai ghar.
Fill-in
  1. however — start + comma already in prompt.
  2. although — even though bhi OK.
  3. therefore — formal result.
  4. despite — in spite of bhi OK.
  5. Although I was tired, I cooked. — main clause jodo (topic 50).
Model sentences
  1. I was tired. However, I cooked.
  2. Although I was tired, I cooked.
  3. The auto was full. Therefore, we waited.

Check: however / therefore = naya independent; although = clause; despite = noun/-ing; but however nahi; Because… so… nahi (topic 30); adhura jumla = topic 50; semicolon = topic 67; on the other hand = topic 66.