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Noteclass 9 10

Clauses — independent vs dependent

Lesson 50 of 84

B1

Clause = chhota jumla andar (karta + verb). Independent = akela chal sake. Dependent = if / because / who ke baad incomplete. and / but / or / because / so = topic 30. Relatives who / which / that = topic 43. however / although = topic 53. Paragraph jod = topic 73 — yahan nahi.

1. Kya hai

Test: is hisse ke baad full stop lagaoge to poora vakya banega? Haan = independent (akela chal sake). Nahi = dependent (adhura).

Type Akela? Example
Independent (main) Haan. Poora sentence. Riya missed the bus.
Dependent (adhura) Nahi. Main ke saath. because she woke up late

Clause me karta + verb jisme time dikhe hona chahiye (is, missed, rains). to miss the bus = topic 44, clause nahi. waking up late bina karta = topic 59, yahan nahi.

Word matlab (and vs but vs because) = topic 30. Yahan: kaunsa hissa akela hai.

2. Simple / compound / complex

Simple = ek poora. Compound = do poore (and / but / so). Complex = poora + adhura.

Sentence Clauses Example
Simple (ek poora) 1 independent The chai is hot.
Compound (do poore) 2 independents + and / but / or / so The chai is hot, so I wait.
Complex (poora + adhura) independent + dependent I wait because the chai is hot.

so do poore vakya jodta hai — dono independent. because dependent banata hai — cut karo to adhura jumla (fragment).

Dependent kahan Comma Example
Pehle Haan, main se pehle When I reached, the shop was shut.
Baad me Aksar nahi The shop was shut when I reached.

Semicolon / dash / quotation = topic 67. Compound-complex naam zaroori nahi: 2 independent + 1 dependent.

3. Dependent clause ke teen kaam

Job Shuru Example
Adverbial (time / reason / if — kab / kyun / agar) when, after, because, if If it rains, we stay in. (if matlab = topic 40)
Noun clause (object / subject — jumla noun jaisa) that, what I know that the train is late.
Relative (noun ke baad — who / which / that) who, which, that This is the boy who lives next door. (topic 43)

Noun clause akela nahi: that the train is late fragment. that drop allowed: I know the train is late — phir bhi dependent job.

Adhura jumla: Because I missed the bus. galat. Fix: poora jumla jodo — Because I missed the bus, I took an auto.

4. Examples

Bold = clause boundary ya linker.

  1. Riya missed the bus. (independent)
  2. because she woke up late (dependent — not a sentence)
  3. Because she woke up late, she took an auto.
  4. She took an auto because she woke up late.
  5. The chai is hot. (simple)
  6. The chai is hot, so I wait. (compound)
  7. I wait because the chai is hot. (complex)
  8. When the rain started, we went inside.
  9. We went inside when the rain started.
  10. If it rains, we stay in.
  11. I know that the train is late.
  12. What he said surprised Appa.
  13. This is the boy who lives next door.
  14. After we finished dinner, Amma made chai.
  15. I missed the bus. I took an auto. (two simples — also OK)

5. Common mistakes

Because I missed the bus.
Because I missed the bus, I took an auto.
I missed the bus I took an auto.
I missed the bus, so I took an auto. / two sentences.
When I reached the shop was shut.
When I reached, the shop was shut.
so I was late. (cut from a compound, treated as reason-clause)
I missed the bus, so I was late. because = dependent; so = two mains. (topic 30)
That the train is late.
I know that the train is late.
Waking up late, missed the bus. (bina time-wala verb / bina karta)
Because she woke up late, she missed the bus. -ing clause = topic 59.
who lives next door. (akela sentence?)
This is the boy who lives next door. Relative words = topic 43.
If it rains. We stay in.
If it rains, we stay in. (if matlab deep = topic 40)
Hindi note. Independent = poora vakya, full stop chalega. Dependent = adhura; because / when / if / that / who se start. and / but / so do poore vakya jodte hain — dependent nahi banate (topic 30). Dependent pehle = comma. Relatives = topic 43.

6. Practice

A. 10 MCQ

1. Kaunsa independent clause hai (akela sentence)?
2. Because she woke up late.
3. I wait because the chai is hot.
4. The chai is hot, so I wait.
5. When I reached ______ the shop was shut. (dependent first)
6. I know that the train is late. — that the train is late is a ______ clause.
7. and / but / so join ______ .
8. the boy who lives next door — who lives next door is ______ . (words = topic 43)
9. If it rains, we stay in.
10. Complete sentence chuno.

B. 5 fill-in

1. Riya missed the bus. = ______ clause (independent)

2. because she woke up late = ______ clause (dependent)

3. Sahi karo: Because I missed the bus.

4. The chai is hot, so I wait. = ______ sentence (compound)

5. Dependent pehle: When I reached ______ the shop was shut. (poora vakya, comma)

C. 3 sentences

Model answers neeche. Ek independent, ek because-complex, ek dependent-first.

  1. independent: The chai is hot.
  2. complex + because: I took an auto because I missed the bus.
  3. dependent first: When the rain started, we went inside.

7. Answer key

MCQ
  1. a) Riya missed the bus. — full stop chalega. because / who wale dependent.
  2. a) adhura jumla (fragment) — dependent akela. Main jodo.
  3. a) complex — independent + because-clause. so wala compound = Q4.
  4. b) compound — two independents + so. so dependent nahi banata (topic 30).
  5. b) comma — dependent first. Semicolon = topic 67.
  6. a) noun — object of know. Akela that-clause adhura.
  7. a) two independent clauses — and / but / so do poore jumle jodte hain.
  8. b) dependent — relative type. who / which / that words = topic 43.
  9. a) complex — if-clause + main. if matlab = topic 40.
  10. b) Because I was tired, I sat down. — dependent + main. A adhura. C jumbled.
Fill-in
  1. independent — poora vakya.
  2. dependent — because se start, main nahi.
  3. Because I missed the bus, I took an auto. — main pehle bhi OK.
  4. compound — so + two independents.
  5. When I reached, the shop was shut. — comma after dependent.
Model sentences
  1. The chai is hot.
  2. I took an auto because I missed the bus.
  3. When the rain started, we went inside.

Check: independent akela; dependent nahi; so = compound; because/when/if/that/who = dependent; dependent first = comma; relatives = topic 43; if matlab = topic 40; and/but/so list = topic 30; although/however = topic 53; -ing = topic 59. Paragraph jod = topic 73.