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Noteclass 9 10

Modals of possibility, advice, obligation

Lesson 45 of 84

B1

Possibility (ho sakta) = may / might. Obligation (zaroori) = must / have to. Advice (salah) = should. Basic can / could / should / must = topic 27. Sakna = topic 16. must have (pehle ka andaza) = topic 72.

1. Kya hai

Is page pe char kaam: possibility (ho sakta / shayad), obligation (zaroori), advice (salah), andaza (abhi jo dikhe usse soch).

Modal ke baad asal verb (base = V1, bina to / -s): might rain, not might to rain / might rains. Yeh form topic 27 jaisi hai; yahan naya farak: may / might, must vs have to, mustn't vs don't have to. have to matlab modal jaisa, lekin form alag: he has to, Do you have to…?

2. may / might / andaza

Form Matlab Example
may / might + base shayad — ab / future. might aksar thoda kam sure It might rain. She may be at the station.
may not / might not shayad nahi. Mana nahi We might not catch the train.
could + base bhi ho sakta. Pehle sakna = topic 27 It could rain this afternoon.
May I…? formal ijazat. Roz Can I = topic 27 May I sit here?

maybe = adverb (ek word). Modal nahi: Maybe it will rain / It may be late (do words). It will rain (topic 23) = zyada sure. going to = topic 23 / I7.

Andaza (abhi jo dikhe) Matlab Example
must + base / be almost sure — lagta hai Ravi's bag is here. He must be in class.
might / may / could + base / be shayad — sure nahi The lights are on. She might be at home.
can't + base / be impossible. Andaza me mustn't nahi That can't be Amma's scooter. She sold it.

Pehle ka andaza must have left = topic 72 — yahan nahi. Zaroori wala must wear alag table — neeche.

3. must / have to / should

Form Matlab Example
should + base salah. Hukm nahi. Basic should = topic 27 You should drink water.
ought to + base should jaisa You ought to see a doctor.
had better + base abhi strong salah. Past nahi You'd better hurry. The bus is here.
must + base strong zaroori — speaker / rule You must wear a helmet.
have to / has to / had to bahar se: school, job, law. do / does / did Students have to wear a uniform. He has to get up at five.
mustn't mana — mat karo You mustn't use a phone in the exam hall.
don't / doesn't have to; needn't zaroori nahi. Mana nahi You don't have to bring lunch. We needn't wait.

Galat mat samjho: mustn't = mana; don't have to = zaroori nahi. Sawal: Do you have to come? not Do you must…? Pehle ki mana / extra shade = topic 72.

British extra: have got to ≈ have to (I've got to go). Form have got = topic 06; yahan sirf note.

4. Examples

Bold = modal / have to.

  1. It might rain this afternoon.
  2. She may be at the station.
  3. We might not catch the train.
  4. It could rain later. (ho sakta — pehle sakna nahi)
  5. May I sit here?
  6. You should drink water.
  7. You ought to see a doctor.
  8. You'd better hurry. The bus is here.
  9. You must wear a helmet.
  10. Students have to wear a uniform.
  11. He has to get up at five.
  12. You mustn't use a phone in the exam hall.
  13. You don't have to bring lunch. The canteen is open.
  14. Ravi's bag is here. He must be in class.
  15. That can't be Amma's scooter. She sold it.

5. Common mistakes

It might to rain. / It may rains.
It might rain. / It may rain.
I maybe late. / She maybe at home.
I may be late. / Maybe she is at home.
He have to wear a helmet. / He must to wear a helmet.
He has to wear a helmet. / He must wear a helmet.
You mustn't come if you are busy. (meaning: zaroori nahi)
You don't have to come if you are busy.
You don't have to use a phone in the exam. (meaning: mana)
You mustn't use a phone in the exam hall.
Do you must come? / He musts go.
Do you have to come? / He must go. / He has to go.
That mustn't be Ravi. (andaza)
That can't be Ravi. mustn't = mana (zaroori nahi karna).
You better go. / You should to rest. / I can swim when I was five.
You'd better go. / You should rest. Pehle sakna = topic 27. must have = topic 72.
Hindi note. Shayad = may / might + V1. Zaroori = must ya have to (he has to). Mana = mustn't. Zaroori nahi = don't have to / needn't. Lagta hai = must be; impossible = can't be. Salah = should. maybe ek word; may be do.

6. Practice

A. 10 MCQ

1. Take an umbrella. It ______ rain later.
2. At this school, he ______ wear a uniform. (school rule)
3. You ______ use a phone in the exam hall. (mana)
4. You ______ bring lunch. The canteen is open.
5. You look tired. You ______ sleep early. (salah)
6. Ravi's bag is on the desk. He ______ in class.
7. That ______ Amma's scooter. She sold it last month.
8. Formal ijazat: ______ I sit here?
9. We ______ wait. The shop is still open. (not necessary)
10. I ______ late. The metro is slow today. (shayad)

B. 5 fill-in

1. Take a raincoat. It ______ rain. (might)

2. She ______ wear a helmet. (he/she + have to)

3. You ______ bring lunch. The canteen is open. (not necessary)

4. His lights are on. He ______ at home. (andaza, almost sure)

5. Sahi karo: You mustn't come if you are busy. (zaroori nahi, mana nahi)

C. 3 sentences

Model answers neeche. Ek might, ek don't have to, ek must be (andaza).

  1. might (shayad): It might rain this afternoon.
  2. don't have to: You don't have to bring lunch.
  3. must be (andaza): He must be in class.

7. Answer key

MCQ
  1. b) might — ho sakta + asal verb. may to / mights galat.
  2. c) has to — he + have to. have to = I/you/we/they. must to galat.
  3. a) mustn't — mana. don't have to = zaroori nahi. might not = shayad nahi.
  4. c) don't have to — zaroori nahi. mustn't = mana.
  5. b) should — salah. must to / have galat.
  6. a) must be — andaza, bag dikhta hai. Helmet wala must alag.
  7. c) can't be — andaza: impossible. mustn't be = mana, yahan nahi.
  8. b) May — formal ijazat. Can I = topic 27. Do / Have nahi.
  9. a) needn't — zaroori nahi = don't have to. mustn't = mana.
  10. b) may be — do words, modal + be. maybe = adverb. may to be galat.
Fill-in
  1. might — may bhi OK in life; yahan prompt might.
  2. has to — she + have to.
  3. don't have to / needn't — not necessary.
  4. must be — almost sure abhi. might be = kam sure.
  5. You don't have to come if you are busy. — zaroori nahi, not mustn't.
Model sentences
  1. It might rain this afternoon.
  2. You don't have to bring lunch.
  3. He must be in class.

Check: may/might + asal verb; maybe ≠ may be; he has to; mustn't ≠ don't have to; andaza = must be / can't be (not mustn't); should = salah; May I formal; can/could pehle = topic 27; must have = topic 72.