Practice set of 210 exam-level MCQs covering all 7 units of Elementary Computer (MGSU Bikaner, UG Semester III). Each question has 4 options; the answer with a one-line explanation is hidden inside the toggle. Questions marked Expected are high-probability, and 🔥 marks the highest-yield topics.
Unit 1: Computer Fundamentals — Generations, Types, CPU, Memory & I/O Devices
Q1. Which electronic component was used in first-generation computers?
- Transistors
- Vacuum tubes
- Integrated circuits
- Microprocessors
Show Answer
Answer: B — First-generation computers (1940–1956) used vacuum tubes, which were bulky and generated a lot of heat.
Q2. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in which generation of computers?
- First generation
- Third generation
- Second generation
- Fourth generation
Show Answer
Answer: C — Second-generation computers (1956–1963) used smaller, faster and more reliable transistors.
Q3. Integrated Circuits (ICs) are the hallmark of which computer generation?
- First generation
- Second generation
- Third generation
- Fourth generation
Show Answer
Answer: C — Third-generation computers (1964–1971) used ICs, packing many transistors on one silicon chip.
Q4. The microprocessor was introduced in which generation of computers?
- Fourth generation
- Second generation
- Third generation
- Fifth generation
Show Answer
Answer: A — Fourth-generation computers (1971 onward) use microprocessors — the entire CPU on one chip.
Q5. Fifth-generation computers are primarily based on which technology? Expected 🔥
- Vacuum tubes
- Artificial Intelligence
- Transistors
- Integrated circuits
Show Answer
Answer: B — Fifth-generation computing focuses on AI, parallel processing and natural-language interaction.
Q6. Who is known as the father of the computer?
- Charles Babbage
- Alan Turing
- John von Neumann
- Bill Gates
Show Answer
Answer: A — Charles Babbage designed the Analytical Engine, the conceptual model of the modern computer.
Q7. ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer, was completed in which year?
- 1946
- 1936
- 1956
- 1966
Show Answer
Answer: A — ENIAC was completed in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania, USA.
Q8. Which of the following is a supercomputer developed in India?
- Pentium IV
- Abacus
- Palm Pilot
- PARAM
Show Answer
Answer: D — PARAM, developed by C-DAC Pune, is India's indigenous supercomputer series.
Q9. Supercomputers are mainly used for which purpose?
- Word processing
- Playing music
- Browsing social media
- Weather forecasting and scientific research
Show Answer
Answer: D — Supercomputers do massive calculations for weather forecasting, space and nuclear research.
Q10. Mainframe computers are mainly used by which of the following? Expected
- Home users for gaming
- Students for taking notes
- Small shops for billing
- Large banks and organisations for bulk data processing
Show Answer
Answer: D — Mainframes process huge transaction volumes for banks, railways and large corporations.
Q11. A personal computer (PC) belongs to which category of computers?
- Supercomputer
- Mainframe computer
- Microcomputer
- Minicomputer
Show Answer
Answer: C — PCs are built around a microprocessor, so they are classified as microcomputers.
Q12. A hybrid computer combines the features of which two types?
- Super and mainframe computers
- Analog and hybrid computers
- Digital and manual computers
- Analog and digital computers
Show Answer
Answer: D — Hybrid computers merge analog speed with digital accuracy, e.g. in hospitals and petrol pumps.
Q13. Analog computers work with which kind of data?
- Discrete binary digits
- Text characters only
- Continuous physical quantities like temperature and pressure
- Integers only
Show Answer
Answer: C — Analog computers measure continuously varying physical quantities rather than counting digits.
Q14. Digital computers process data in which form?
- Continuous waves
- Binary digits 0 and 1
- Decimal digits only
- Analog signals
Show Answer
Answer: B — Digital computers represent every piece of data as binary digits (bits) 0 and 1.
Q15. CPU stands for? Expected 🔥
- Central Program Utility
- Computer Personal Unit
- Central Processing Unit
- Central Peripheral Unit
Show Answer
Answer: C — The CPU is the brain of the computer that fetches, decodes and executes instructions.
Q16. Which of the following is NOT a part of the CPU?
- ALU
- Control Unit
- Hard disk
- Registers
Show Answer
Answer: C — ALU, Control Unit and registers are inside the CPU; the hard disk is secondary storage.
Q17. The ALU performs which operations?
- Arithmetic and logical operations
- Only data storage
- Only input/output control
- Only printing
Show Answer
Answer: A — The Arithmetic Logic Unit does calculations (+, −, ×, ÷) and comparisons (>, <, =).
Q18. The main function of the Control Unit is to?
- Control and coordinate all computer operations
- Perform calculations
- Store data permanently
- Display output on screen
Show Answer
Answer: A — The Control Unit directs the flow of data and instructions but does not process data itself.
Q19. The clock speed of a CPU is measured in?
- Gigabytes (GB)
- Megapixels (MP)
- Decibels (dB)
- Gigahertz (GHz)
Show Answer
Answer: D — Clock speed counts how many processor cycles occur per second, measured in GHz.
Q20. Which memory is the fastest among the following? Expected
- RAM
- Hard disk
- Cache memory
- Pen drive
Show Answer
Answer: C — Cache sits between the CPU and RAM and keeps frequently used data ready for instant access.
Q21. RAM is called volatile memory because?
- It loses its data when the power is switched off
- It works very slowly
- Data cannot be written into it
- It is read-only memory
Show Answer
Answer: A — RAM keeps data only while power is on, so it is temporary (volatile) memory.
Q22. ROM is mainly used to store?
- User documents
- Start-up (boot) instructions that must not be erased
- Temporary program variables
- Internet cache files
Show Answer
Answer: B — ROM is non-volatile and holds firmware such as the BIOS boot program.
Q23. Which type of ROM can be erased electrically and reprogrammed?
- EEPROM
- PROM
- Mask ROM
- CD-ROM
Show Answer
Answer: A — EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM) can be rewritten without removing it from the circuit.
Q24. The BIOS program is stored in?
- RAM
- ROM
- Cache memory
- Hard disk
Show Answer
Answer: B — BIOS firmware lives in ROM so it survives power-off and can start the booting process.
Q25. One byte is equal to? Expected 🔥
- 4 bits
- 8 bits
- 16 bits
- 1024 bits
Show Answer
Answer: B — A byte is the basic storage unit made of 8 bits.
Q26. 1 KB is equal to?
- 1024 bytes
- 1000 bytes
- 1024 bits
- 8 bytes
Show Answer
Answer: A — In binary measurement, 1 KB = 2¹⁰ = 1024 bytes.
Q27. Which of the following is the largest unit of storage?
- 1 GB
- 1 MB
- 1024 KB
- 1 TB
Show Answer
Answer: D — 1 TB = 1024 GB, which is far larger than a GB, MB or KB.
Q28. Primary memory is also known as?
- External memory
- Virtual memory
- Main memory / internal memory
- Backup memory
Show Answer
Answer: C — Primary memory (RAM + ROM) is the internal memory directly accessed by the CPU.
Q29. Which of the following is a secondary storage device?
- RAM
- Hard disk
- ROM
- Cache memory
Show Answer
Answer: B — Hard disks store data permanently outside the CPU’s direct memory, i.e. secondary storage.
Q30. Which device works as BOTH an input and an output device? Expected
- Keyboard
- Printer
- Mouse
- Touchscreen
Show Answer
Answer: D — A touchscreen accepts touch input and also displays output on the same surface.
Unit 2: Number Systems, Logic Gates & Programming Languages
Q31. What is the decimal equivalent of binary 1011?
- 9
- 10
- 11
- 12
Show Answer
Answer: C — 1011₂ = 1×8 + 0×4 + 1×2 + 1×1 = 11₁₀.
Q32. What is the decimal equivalent of binary 11010?
- 24
- 25
- 26
- 28
Show Answer
Answer: C — 11010₂ = 16 + 8 + 2 = 26₁₀.
Q33. What is the decimal equivalent of binary 10101?
- 19
- 21
- 20
- 22
Show Answer
Answer: B — 10101₂ = 16 + 4 + 1 = 21₁₀.
Q34. What is the decimal equivalent of binary 1111?
- 13
- 15
- 14
- 16
Show Answer
Answer: B — 1111₂ = 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 15₁₀.
Q35. What is the binary equivalent of decimal 13? Expected 🔥
- 1011
- 1110
- 1101
- 1001
Show Answer
Answer: C — 13 = 8 + 4 + 1, so 13₁₀ = 1101₂.
Q36. What is the binary equivalent of decimal 25?
- 11001
- 10101
- 11010
- 10011
Show Answer
Answer: A — 25 = 16 + 8 + 1, so 25₁₀ = 11001₂.
Q37. What is the binary equivalent of decimal 10?
- 1001
- 1010
- 1100
- 0101
Show Answer
Answer: B — 10 = 8 + 2, so 10₁₀ = 1010₂.
Q38. What is the decimal equivalent of hexadecimal FF?
- 256
- 240
- 15
- 255
Show Answer
Answer: D — FF₁₆ = 15×16 + 15 = 255₁₀.
Q39. What is the hexadecimal equivalent of decimal 16?
- 10
- 16
- 1A
- F
Show Answer
Answer: A — 16₁₀ = 1×16¹ + 0 = 10₁₆.
Q40. What is the decimal equivalent of hexadecimal A5? Expected
- 155
- 165
- 175
- 150
Show Answer
Answer: B — A5₁₆ = 10×16 + 5 = 165₁₀ (A = 10 in hex).
Q41. What is the decimal equivalent of octal 17?
- 15
- 17
- 14
- 23
Show Answer
Answer: A — 17₈ = 1×8 + 7 = 15₁₀.
Q42. What is the octal equivalent of decimal 21?
- 21
- 31
- 15
- 25
Show Answer
Answer: D — 21₁₀ = 2×8 + 5 = 25₈.
Q43. What is the result of binary addition 101 + 11?
- 111
- 110
- 1000
- 1010
Show Answer
Answer: C — 101₂ (5) + 11₂ (3) = 8₁₀ = 1000₂.
Q44. What is the 1's complement of binary 1010?
- 1010
- 1100
- 0101
- 0011
Show Answer
Answer: C — 1's complement flips every bit: 1010 → 0101.
Q45. What is the 2's complement of binary 0101? Expected 🔥
- 1011
- 1010
- 1100
- 0101
Show Answer
Answer: A — Invert bits (1010) and add 1 → 1011.
Q46. What is the base (radix) of the octal number system?
- 2
- 10
- 16
- 8
Show Answer
Answer: D — Octal uses 8 digits (0–7), so its base is 8.
Q47. What is the base (radix) of the hexadecimal number system?
- 8
- 10
- 2
- 16
Show Answer
Answer: D — Hexadecimal uses 16 symbols (0–9, A–F), so its base is 16.
Q48. In hexadecimal, the digit F is equal to which decimal value?
- 16
- 14
- 15
- 10
Show Answer
Answer: C — Hex digits run 0–9 then A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, F=15.
Q49. An AND gate gives output 1 only when?
- Any one input is 1
- All inputs are 0
- All inputs are 1
- Inputs are different
Show Answer
Answer: C — AND outputs 1 only if every input is 1; otherwise the output is 0.
Q50. An OR gate gives output 0 only when? Expected
- Any one input is 0
- All inputs are 0
- All inputs are 1
- Inputs are different
Show Answer
Answer: B — OR outputs 0 only when every input is 0; a single 1 makes the output 1.
Q51. What does a NOT gate do?
- Adds two inputs
- Inverts its single input (0 becomes 1, 1 becomes 0)
- Multiplies two inputs
- Compares two inputs
Show Answer
Answer: B — NOT is a single-input gate that complements its input.
Q52. A NAND gate is equivalent to?
- An AND gate followed by a NOT gate
- An OR gate followed by a NOT gate
- An AND gate followed by an OR gate
- Two NOT gates in series
Show Answer
Answer: A — NAND = NOT-AND: it inverts the output of an AND gate.
Q53. An XOR gate gives output 1 when?
- The inputs are the same
- The inputs are different from each other
- All inputs are 1
- All inputs are 0
Show Answer
Answer: B — XOR (exclusive OR) outputs 1 only when its two inputs differ.
Q54. Which gates are called universal gates?
- AND and OR
- XOR and XNOR
- NAND and NOR
- NOT and AND
Show Answer
Answer: C — NAND and NOR are universal because any logic function can be built using only them.
Q55. Machine language consists of? Expected 🔥
- Binary digits 0 and 1 only
- English-like words
- Mathematical symbols
- Mnemonic codes
Show Answer
Answer: A — Machine language is the lowest-level language, written directly in 0s and 1s.
Q56. Assembly language programs are translated into machine language by?
- Assembler
- Compiler
- Interpreter
- Loader
Show Answer
Answer: A — An assembler converts low-level assembly (mnemonic) code into machine code.
Q57. A compiler translates a program?
- Line by line during execution
- Word by word after execution
- Only the errors
- As a whole, before execution
Show Answer
Answer: D — A compiler converts the entire high-level program into machine code in one go.
Q58. An interpreter translates a program?
- As a whole before execution
- Only once at installation
- After the program ends
- Line by line during execution
Show Answer
Answer: D — An interpreter converts and executes high-level code one line at a time.
Q59. Which of the following is a high-level language?
- Python
- Machine language
- Assembly language
- Binary code
Show Answer
Answer: A — Python is a high-level, human-readable language; machine and assembly are low-level.
Q60. Which of the following is an example of system software? Expected
- MS Word
- Tally
- Photoshop
- Operating system
Show Answer
Answer: D — The operating system manages hardware and is the core system software; the rest are applications.
Unit 3: Operating Systems — Functions, Types, Windows & Linux
Q61. An operating system is best described as?
- Application software for typing documents
- System software that manages hardware and software resources
- A device driver for printers
- A programming language
Show Answer
Answer: B — The OS acts as an interface between the user, applications and the hardware.
Q62. Which of the following is NOT an operating system?
- Windows
- Linux
- MS Word
- Android
Show Answer
Answer: C — MS Word is application software; Windows, Linux and Android are operating systems.
Q63. Which of the following is a function of an operating system?
- Memory management
- Typing documents
- Playing games
- Drawing pictures
Show Answer
Answer: A — The OS manages memory, processes, files and devices.
Q64. The kernel is?
- A type of computer virus
- An input device
- A web browser
- The core part of the operating system
Show Answer
Answer: D — The kernel is the central core of the OS that controls hardware directly.
Q65. Booting means? Expected 🔥
- Shutting down the computer
- Installing new software
- Loading the operating system into memory at start-up
- Scanning for viruses
Show Answer
Answer: C — Booting loads the OS from disk into RAM so the computer becomes ready to use.
Q66. Cold booting refers to?
- Restarting without switching off power
- Booting in winter season
- Starting the computer by switching on the power
- Starting in safe mode
Show Answer
Answer: C — Cold boot starts the machine from a fully powered-off state.
Q67. Warm booting is done by?
- Pressing the power button from off state
- Restarting the computer without switching off the power
- Removing the battery
- Unplugging the monitor
Show Answer
Answer: B — Warm boot (e.g. Ctrl+Alt+Del) restarts the OS while power stays on.
Q68. GUI stands for?
- General Utility Instrument
- Graphical Utility Internet
- Global User Identification
- Graphical User Interface
Show Answer
Answer: D — GUI lets users interact with icons, windows and menus instead of typed commands.
Q69. Which of the following operating systems uses a command-line interface?
- Windows 10
- Windows 11
- macOS
- MS-DOS
Show Answer
Answer: D — MS-DOS is a character/command-line (CUI) operating system without graphics.
Q70. Microsoft Windows was first released in which year? Expected
- 1975
- 1985
- 1995
- 2000
Show Answer
Answer: B — Windows 1.0 was released in November 1985 as a graphical shell over MS-DOS.
Q71. Linux was developed by?
- Linus Torvalds
- Bill Gates
- Steve Jobs
- Dennis Ritchie
Show Answer
Answer: A — Linus Torvalds created the Linux kernel in 1991 while a university student.
Q72. Linux is which type of software?
- Open-source software
- Paid proprietary only
- Shareware
- Firmware
Show Answer
Answer: A — Linux source code is freely available, so anyone can use, study and modify it.
Q73. The Android operating system is based on which kernel?
- Windows kernel
- Linux kernel
- DOS kernel
- macOS kernel
Show Answer
Answer: B — Android is built on a modified Linux kernel, which manages its hardware.
Q74. Multitasking means?
- Using multiple CPUs only
- Executing multiple tasks seemingly at the same time
- Running one task very fast
- Using multiple monitors
Show Answer
Answer: B — The OS rapidly switches the CPU between tasks so they appear to run together.
Q75. In a time-sharing operating system? Expected 🔥
- Multiple users share the CPU time in small slices
- One user gets the CPU forever
- CPU time is sold for money
- Users take turns weekly
Show Answer
Answer: A — Time-sharing divides CPU time into slices shared fairly among users.
Q76. A real-time operating system is essential for?
- Air-traffic control systems
- Writing letters
- Playing recorded music
- Viewing photo albums
Show Answer
Answer: A — Real-time systems must respond within strict deadlines, as in air-traffic or missile control.
Q77. In batch processing, jobs are?
- Processed one keystroke at a time
- Done manually by operators
- Sent over the internet
- Collected and processed together without user interaction
Show Answer
Answer: D — Batch systems (e.g. payroll) run grouped jobs automatically with no interaction.
Q78. Which of the following is a multi-user operating system?
- MS-DOS
- Windows 3.1
- Symbian
- UNIX
Show Answer
Answer: D — UNIX/Linux allow many users to work simultaneously on the same machine.
Q79. Which of the following is a single-user operating system?
- MS-DOS
- UNIX
- Linux
- Windows Server
Show Answer
Answer: A — MS-DOS supports only one user and one task at a time.
Q80. Files deleted in Windows are first moved to? Expected
- My Documents
- Control Panel
- Recycle Bin
- Taskbar
Show Answer
Answer: C — Deleted files go to the Recycle Bin temporarily and can be restored.
Q81. The Task Manager in Windows is used to?
- Delete system files
- Install new hardware
- View and manage running programs and processes
- Format the hard disk
Show Answer
Answer: C — Task Manager shows active processes and lets you end unresponsive programs.
Q82. The Control Panel in Windows is used for?
- Browsing the internet
- Writing documents
- Playing videos
- Changing system settings and configurations
Show Answer
Answer: D — Control Panel gives access to hardware, network, user and display settings.
Q83. NTFS is?
- A web browser
- An antivirus program
- The default file system of Windows
- A programming language
Show Answer
Answer: C — NTFS (New Technology File System) organises how files are stored on Windows drives.
Q84. Which file system is commonly used in Linux?
- NTFS
- ext4
- FAT32
- CDFS
Show Answer
Answer: B — ext4 (fourth extended filesystem) is the standard Linux file system.
Q85. Which of the following is a Linux distribution? Expected 🔥
- Windows 10
- macOS
- iOS
- Ubuntu
Show Answer
Answer: D — Ubuntu is a popular Linux distribution; the others are proprietary OSes.
Q86. In Linux, the shell is?
- A command interpreter between the user and the kernel
- A graphical wallpaper
- A hardware component
- A file virus
Show Answer
Answer: A — The shell reads user commands and passes them to the kernel for execution.
Q87. Spooling is mainly used for?
- Managing print jobs in a queue
- Speeding up the CPU
- Compressing video files
- Encrypting passwords
Show Answer
Answer: A — Spooling holds print jobs on disk in a queue so the printer handles them one by one.
Q88. Virtual memory is?
- Memory inside the CPU
- Hard-disk space used as an extension of RAM
- A pen drive
- Cache inside the monitor
Show Answer
Answer: B — When RAM is full, the OS uses part of the hard disk as virtual memory.
Q89. Deadlock in an operating system means?
- The computer shuts down quickly
- All files get deleted
- Processes waiting for each other forever, so none can proceed
- The CPU runs at full speed
Show Answer
Answer: C — Deadlock is a standstill where each process holds a resource the other needs.
Q90. The 'dir' command in MS-DOS/Windows command prompt is used to? Expected
- Delete a directory
- Create a new user
- Display the list of files and folders in a directory
- Format a disk
Show Answer
Answer: C — The dir command lists directory contents in DOS and Windows command prompt.
Unit 4: Internet, E-mail, WWW & HTML
Q91. The term 'Internet' is short for?
- International Net
- Internal Network
- Interconnected Network
- Internet Telephony
Show Answer
Answer: C — Internet = Interconnected Network: a global network of connected computers.
Q92. ARPANET, the predecessor of the Internet, was developed in which year?
- 1959
- 1979
- 1989
- 1969
Show Answer
Answer: D — ARPANET was launched in 1969 by the US Department of Defense.
Q93. The World Wide Web (WWW) was invented by?
- Bill Gates
- Tim Berners-Lee
- Vint Cerf
- Charles Babbage
Show Answer
Answer: B — Tim Berners-Lee invented the WWW in 1989–1990 at CERN.
Q94. TCP/IP stands for?
- Transfer Computer Program / Internet Package
- Tele Communication Process / Internal Protocol
- Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
- Transport Connection Port / Internet Provider
Show Answer
Answer: C — TCP/IP is the fundamental protocol suite on which the Internet works.
Q95. An IPv4 address is made of how many bits? Expected 🔥
- 32 bits
- 16 bits
- 64 bits
- 128 bits
Show Answer
Answer: A — IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, written as 4 decimal numbers (e.g. 192.168.1.1).
Q96. An IPv4 address is divided into how many parts (octets)?
- 2
- 6
- 4
- 8
Show Answer
Answer: C — An IPv4 address has 4 octets of 8 bits each, separated by dots.
Q97. An IPv6 address is made of how many bits?
- 32 bits
- 64 bits
- 256 bits
- 128 bits
Show Answer
Answer: D — IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses to solve the IPv4 address shortage.
Q98. DNS stands for?
- Domain Name System
- Data Number Service
- Digital Network Security
- Direct Name Server
Show Answer
Answer: A — DNS translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses.
Q99. The default port number for HTTP is?
- 21
- 25
- 80
- 443
Show Answer
Answer: C — HTTP uses port 80; HTTPS (secure) uses port 443.
Q100. HTTPS differs from HTTP because it provides? Expected
- Faster downloading
- Free internet access
- Encrypted, secure communication
- Larger file uploads
Show Answer
Answer: C — The 'S' in HTTPS means data is encrypted with SSL/TLS during transfer.
Q101. URL stands for?
- Universal Remote Link
- Uniform Resource Locator
- Uniform Research Library
- United Resource List
Show Answer
Answer: B — A URL is the complete address of a resource on the web.
Q102. The first e-mail was sent by whom?
- Ray Tomlinson
- Bill Gates
- Tim Berners-Lee
- Vint Cerf
Show Answer
Answer: A — Ray Tomlinson sent the first e-mail in 1971 and chose the @ symbol.
Q103. Which protocol is used for SENDING e-mails?
- SMTP
- POP3
- IMAP
- FTP
Show Answer
Answer: A — SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) sends mail; POP3/IMAP receive it.
Q104. Which protocols are used for RECEIVING e-mails?
- POP3 and IMAP
- SMTP and FTP
- HTTP and HTTPS
- TCP and UDP
Show Answer
Answer: A — POP3 and IMAP fetch incoming mail from the server to the user.
Q105. In e-mail, BCC stands for? Expected 🔥
- Basic Carbon Copy
- Blind Carbon Copy
- Blind Computer Copy
- Bulk Carbon Copy
Show Answer
Answer: B — BCC recipients are hidden from other recipients of the e-mail.
Q106. Which of the following is a web browser?
- Google Search
- Yahoo Mail
- Google Chrome
- Bing
Show Answer
Answer: C — Chrome is a browser (software to view web pages); Google Search and Bing are search engines.
Q107. Which of the following is a search engine?
- Mozilla Firefox
- Microsoft Edge
- Safari
Show Answer
Answer: D — Google is a search engine; Firefox, Edge and Safari are web browsers.
Q108. HTML stands for?
- HyperText Markup Language
- HighText Machine Language
- Hyperlink Text Management Language
- Home Tool Markup Language
Show Answer
Answer: A — HTML is the standard markup language for creating web pages.
Q109. Which HTML tag is used to create a hyperlink?
- <link>
- <a>
- <href>
- <url>
Show Answer
Answer: B — The anchor tag <a> with the href attribute creates a hyperlink.
Q110. Which HTML tag is used to insert an image? Expected
- <img>
- <picture>
- <src>
- <image>
Show Answer
Answer: A — The <img> tag with the src attribute embeds an image in the page.
Q111. Which heading tag displays the largest heading in HTML?
- <h6>
- <h1>
- <head>
- <header>
Show Answer
Answer: B — Headings run <h1> (largest) to <h6> (smallest).
Q112. The <p> tag in HTML is used for?
- Defining a picture
- Defining a page
- Defining a password
- Defining a paragraph
Show Answer
Answer: D — The <p> tag marks a block of text as a paragraph.
Q113. The <br> tag in HTML is used for?
- Making text bold
- Creating a border
- Breaking a table
- Inserting a line break
Show Answer
Answer: D — <br> is an empty tag that forces a line break without starting a new paragraph.
Q114. Which attribute of the <a> tag specifies the link destination?
- src
- link
- target
- href
Show Answer
Answer: D — href (hypertext reference) holds the URL the link points to.
Q115. Which attribute of the <img> tag gives the image source? Expected 🔥
- href
- src
- alt
- link
Show Answer
Answer: B — src (source) gives the image file path; alt gives alternate text.
Q116. Comments in HTML are written as?
- // comment
- /* comment */
- # comment
- <!-- comment -->
Show Answer
Answer: D — HTML comments are enclosed in <!-- and --> and are not displayed.
Q117. Which tag creates an ordered (numbered) list in HTML?
- <ol>
- <ul>
- <li>
- <dl>
Show Answer
Answer: A — <ol> creates an ordered list; <ul> creates an unordered (bulleted) list.
Q118. In an HTML table, a row is created using which tag?
- <td>
- <tr>
- <th>
- <row>
Show Answer
Answer: B — <tr> (table row) defines a row; <td> defines a cell inside it.
Q119. HTML is best described as a?
- Programming language
- Scripting language
- Markup language
- Database language
Show Answer
Answer: C — HTML only marks up structure and layout; it has no programming logic.
Q120. A collection of related web pages is called a? Expected
- Web page
- Home page
- Website
- Web server
Show Answer
Answer: C — A website is a set of linked web pages under one domain; a web page is a single page.
Unit 5: Computer Networks — Types, Topologies & Devices
Q121. A LAN covers which area?
- A building or campus (small area)
- An entire country
- The whole world
- A continent
Show Answer
Answer: A — LAN (Local Area Network) connects computers within a limited area like an office or college.
Q122. A WAN covers which area?
- A single room
- A large geographical area like a country or the world
- One building
- One campus
Show Answer
Answer: B — WAN (Wide Area Network) spans cities, countries or continents — the Internet is the largest WAN.
Q123. A MAN typically covers which area?
- A room
- A country
- The world
- A city
Show Answer
Answer: D — MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) covers a city — larger than LAN, smaller than WAN.
Q124. In which topology are all devices connected to a central hub or switch?
- Star topology
- Bus topology
- Ring topology
- Mesh topology
Show Answer
Answer: A — In star topology every node connects to a central hub/switch.
Q125. In bus topology, all devices are connected to? Expected 🔥
- A central hub
- Each other directly
- A satellite
- A single central cable (backbone)
Show Answer
Answer: D — Bus topology uses one shared cable with terminators at both ends.
Q126. In ring topology, data travels?
- Randomly in all directions
- Only through a hub
- Directly to the server
- In a circular path from one device to the next
Show Answer
Answer: D — Each device in a ring connects to two neighbours and data circulates in one direction.
Q127. Which topology is the most reliable but also the most expensive?
- Bus topology
- Mesh topology
- Star topology
- Ring topology
Show Answer
Answer: B — Mesh connects every device to every other, giving alternate paths but needing maximum cabling.
Q128. Which network topology is most commonly used in offices today?
- Bus topology
- Star topology
- Ring topology
- Mesh topology
Show Answer
Answer: B — Star is easy to install and troubleshoot, so it dominates modern LANs.
Q129. A hub does what with incoming data?
- Sends it only to the target device
- Encrypts it
- Broadcasts it to all connected devices
- Stores it permanently
Show Answer
Answer: C — A hub blindly repeats incoming data to every port, unlike a switch.
Q130. A switch forwards data to a specific device using? Expected
- The MAC address of the device
- The user's name
- The file size
- The cable colour
Show Answer
Answer: A — A switch learns MAC addresses and sends frames only to the intended port.
Q131. A router is used to?
- Connect different networks and route data between them
- Connect a printer to a computer
- Amplify weak signals
- Store backup files
Show Answer
Answer: A — A router joins networks (e.g. home LAN to the Internet) using IP addresses.
Q132. A modem performs which function?
- Connects computers in a star
- Prints documents
- Converts digital signals to analog and vice versa
- Scans viruses
Show Answer
Answer: C — Modem = MOdulator/DEModulator: it bridges digital computers and analog phone lines.
Q133. A repeater is used to?
- Convert protocols
- Block hackers
- Print pages
- Amplify and regenerate weak signals over long distances
Show Answer
Answer: D — Repeaters boost signals so networks can span longer distances.
Q134. NIC stands for?
- National Internet Centre
- Network Interface Card
- Network Internal Code
- New Internet Connection
Show Answer
Answer: B — The NIC is the hardware card that connects a computer to a network.
Q135. A MAC address is? Expected 🔥
- A temporary IP address
- A website password
- A type of cable
- The unique hardware address of a network interface card
Show Answer
Answer: D — Every NIC has a factory-assigned, globally unique MAC address.
Q136. The OSI reference model has how many layers?
- 4
- 7
- 5
- 9
Show Answer
Answer: B — The OSI model defines 7 layers, from Physical (1) to Application (7).
Q137. Which is the fastest data transmission medium?
- Fibre-optic cable
- Twisted-pair cable
- Coaxial cable
- Telephone wire
Show Answer
Answer: A — Fibre-optic cables carry light signals at very high speed with minimal loss.
Q138. Which of the following is an unguided (wireless) transmission medium?
- Radio waves
- Fibre-optic cable
- Coaxial cable
- Twisted-pair cable
Show Answer
Answer: A — Unguided media (radio, microwave, infrared) travel through air without cables.
Q139. Bluetooth is mainly used for which type of network?
- WAN
- PAN (short-range personal network)
- MAN
- Satellite network
Show Answer
Answer: B — Bluetooth connects nearby personal devices (phone, earbuds) within about 10 metres.
Q140. Bandwidth is measured in? Expected
- Bytes per hour
- Hertz per metre
- Pixels per inch
- Bits per second
Show Answer
Answer: D — Bandwidth = data-transfer capacity, measured in bps, Kbps, Mbps or Gbps.
Q141. FTP stands for?
- File Transfer Protocol
- Fast Text Printing
- Free Telephone Program
- Full Time Processing
Show Answer
Answer: A — FTP is the standard protocol for transferring files between computers on a network.
Q142. In TCP/IP, IP stands for?
- Internal Program
- International Package
- Internet Protocol
- Intranet Provider
Show Answer
Answer: C — IP handles addressing and routing of data packets across networks.
Q143. TCP provides which type of data delivery?
- Unreliable, connectionless delivery
- Only video delivery
- Reliable, connection-oriented delivery
- Only voice delivery
Show Answer
Answer: C — TCP sets up a connection and guarantees ordered, error-free delivery (unlike UDP).
Q144. A gateway is used to?
- Connect a mouse to a PC
- Increase screen brightness
- Connect networks that use different protocols
- Cool the processor
Show Answer
Answer: C — A gateway translates between different protocols so dissimilar networks can communicate.
Q145. A bridge is used to? Expected 🔥
- Connect two rivers
- Join two tables
- Connect two LAN segments into one network
- Link two web pages
Show Answer
Answer: C — A bridge forwards traffic between two LAN segments using MAC addresses.
Q146. Wi-Fi stands for?
- Wired Fibre
- Wide Fidelity
- Wireless Fidelity
- Wireless File
Show Answer
Answer: C — Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) provides wireless local-area networking.
Q147. Processed data is called?
- Raw data
- Signal
- Information
- Noise
Show Answer
Answer: C — Data becomes information after it is processed into a meaningful form.
Q148. Which device operates at the network layer using IP addresses?
- Hub
- Repeater
- Switch
- Router
Show Answer
Answer: D — Routers work at the network layer (Layer 3) and forward packets by IP address.
Q149. PAN stands for?
- Personal Area Network
- Public Area Network
- Private Access Node
- Permanent Area Network
Show Answer
Answer: A — PAN connects personal devices within a few metres of a person.
Q150. ISP stands for? Expected
- Internal System Program
- Internet Service Provider
- International Security Protocol
- Intranet Server Port
Show Answer
Answer: B — An ISP (like Jio, Airtel, BSNL) provides users access to the Internet.
Unit 6: E-Commerce, Digital Payments, IT Act 2000 & Cyber Security
Q151. B2C in e-commerce means?
- Business to Consumer
- Business to Business
- Consumer to Consumer
- Business to Government
Show Answer
Answer: A — B2C covers businesses selling directly to end consumers, like Amazon and Flipkart.
Q152. Amazon and Flipkart are examples of which e-commerce model?
- B2C
- B2B
- C2C
- G2G
Show Answer
Answer: A — Online retailers sell goods directly to consumers, which is the B2C model.
Q153. OLX and eBay are examples of which e-commerce model?
- B2B
- B2C
- C2C (Consumer to Consumer)
- B2G
Show Answer
Answer: C — On OLX/eBay, individual consumers buy and sell with each other (C2C).
Q154. B2B in e-commerce means?
- Business to Consumer
- Consumer to Business
- Bank to Bank
- Business to Business
Show Answer
Answer: D — B2B covers transactions between two businesses, e.g. wholesalers and retailers.
Q155. M-commerce refers to? Expected 🔥
- Commerce conducted through mobile devices
- Commerce through machines
- Money commerce
- Manual commerce
Show Answer
Answer: A — M-commerce = mobile commerce: buying and selling via smartphones and apps.
Q156. UPI in India was launched by?
- RBI directly
- NPCI
- SBI
- NITI Aayog
Show Answer
Answer: B — UPI was developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) in 2016.
Q157. OTP stands for?
- One Time Password
- Online Transfer Payment
- One Time Payment
- Open Transfer Protocol
Show Answer
Answer: A — An OTP is a single-use code sent to verify the user's identity.
Q158. NEFT and RTGS are systems for?
- Electronic transfer of funds between banks
- Sending e-mails
- Booking railway tickets
- Video calling
Show Answer
Answer: A — NEFT/RTGS are RBI-managed systems for inter-bank electronic fund transfers.
Q159. COD in online shopping means?
- Card on Demand
- Cash on Demand
- Credit on Delivery
- Cash on Delivery
Show Answer
Answer: D — In COD, the buyer pays in cash when the goods are delivered.
Q160. A digital signature is used to ensure? Expected
- Faster typing
- Larger file size
- Authenticity and integrity of an electronic document
- Colour printing
Show Answer
Answer: C — A digital signature proves who signed a document and that it was not altered.
Q161. Encryption converts?
- Cipher text into plain text
- Images into videos
- Plain text into unreadable cipher text
- Sound into text
Show Answer
Answer: C — Encryption scrambles readable data into cipher text; decryption reverses it.
Q162. SSL is used on the Internet to ensure?
- Secure, encrypted data transfer
- Faster page loading
- Free downloads
- Larger storage
Show Answer
Answer: A — SSL/TLS encrypts communication between browser and server (the padlock in HTTPS).
Q163. The Information Technology Act, 2000 came into force on?
- 15 August 2000
- 17 October 2000
- 26 January 2000
- 9 June 2001
Show Answer
Answer: B — The IT Act was passed in June 2000 and enforced from 17 October 2000.
Q164. Section 66 of the IT Act, 2000 deals with?
- Obscene content online
- E-governance
- Digital signature rules
- Computer-related offences including hacking
Show Answer
Answer: D — Section 66 punishes computer-related offences such as hacking and data theft.
Q165. Section 66C of the IT Act punishes? Expected 🔥
- Obscene videos
- Spam e-mails
- Software piracy
- Identity theft
Show Answer
Answer: D — Section 66C covers fraudulent use of another person's electronic identity.
Q166. Section 66D of the IT Act punishes?
- Hacking government sites
- Sending spam
- Cheating by personation using a computer
- Copying software
Show Answer
Answer: C — Section 66D covers phishing and online fraud by pretending to be someone else.
Q167. Section 43 of the IT Act deals with?
- E-mail privacy
- Unauthorised access and damage to a computer system
- Online shopping
- Domain names
Show Answer
Answer: B — Section 43 imposes penalty for unauthorised access, data theft or damage.
Q168. Section 67 of the IT Act punishes?
- Publishing obscene information in electronic form
- Hacking
- Identity theft
- Sending viruses
Show Answer
Answer: A — Section 67 (and 67A/67B) targets obscene electronic content.
Q169. Section 65 of the IT Act deals with?
- Online banking
- E-mail spam
- Web hosting
- Tampering with computer source documents
Show Answer
Answer: D — Section 65 punishes altering or destroying computer source code that must be maintained.
Q170. The IT Act, 2000 was amended in which year? Expected
- 2008
- 2005
- 2010
- 2015
Show Answer
Answer: A — The IT (Amendment) Act, 2008 added sections like 66A–66F and 69A/69B.
Q171. CERT-In is?
- A computer brand
- An e-mail service
- A payment app
- India's agency for responding to cyber-security incidents
Show Answer
Answer: D — CERT-In (Indian Computer Emergency Response Team) handles national cyber incidents.
Q172. Phishing is?
- Catching fish online
- Fraudulent e-mails or sites that steal personal credentials
- A fast internet plan
- A type of firewall
Show Answer
Answer: B — Phishers pose as banks or trusted sites to steal passwords and OTPs.
Q173. Ransomware is a malware that?
- Deletes spam e-mails
- Encrypts the victim's data and demands payment to unlock it
- Speeds up the computer
- Blocks advertisements
Show Answer
Answer: B — Ransomware locks files with encryption and demands ransom for the key.
Q174. How does a worm differ from a virus?
- A worm needs a host; a virus spreads alone
- A worm is harmless
- A worm spreads on its own; a virus needs a host program
- A virus cannot replicate
Show Answer
Answer: C — Worms self-replicate across networks; viruses attach to host files and need activation.
Q175. A Trojan horse is malware that? Expected 🔥
- Replicates automatically
- Encrypts the hard disk
- Disguises itself as useful, legitimate software
- Speeds up downloads
Show Answer
Answer: C — Trojans trick users into installing them by looking like genuine programs.
Q176. A firewall is used to?
- Increase internet speed
- Block unauthorised access to a network
- Cool the server room
- Print securely
Show Answer
Answer: B — A firewall filters incoming/outgoing traffic based on security rules.
Q177. Accessing someone's computer without permission is?
- Ethical hacking
- A backup method
- A cyber crime (unauthorised access)
- Network sharing
Show Answer
Answer: C — Unauthorised access (hacking) is punishable under the IT Act, 2000.
Q178. Spam refers to?
- Fresh food items
- Unsolicited bulk e-mails or messages
- Important alerts
- Paid advertisements
Show Answer
Answer: B — Spam is junk bulk mail sent without the recipient's consent.
Q179. A strong password should?
- Be your birth date
- Be a common word like 'password'
- Be shared with friends
- Mix letters, numbers and symbols, and avoid personal info
Show Answer
Answer: D — Long, mixed-character passwords resist guessing and brute-force attacks.
Q180. Two-factor authentication means? Expected
- Using two passwords
- Logging in twice
- Verifying identity with two independent steps
- Having two accounts
Show Answer
Answer: C — 2FA combines something you know (password) with something you have (OTP/device).
Unit 7: Artificial Intelligence — Basics, History & Applications
Q181. The term 'Artificial Intelligence' was coined by?
- John McCarthy
- Alan Turing
- Marvin Minsky
- Arthur Samuel
Show Answer
Answer: A — John McCarthy coined 'Artificial Intelligence' for the 1956 Dartmouth conference.
Q182. The Dartmouth conference, considered the birth of AI, was held in?
- 1946
- 1966
- 1956
- 1976
Show Answer
Answer: C — The 1956 Dartmouth Summer Research Project launched AI as a field of study.
Q183. The Turing Test was proposed by?
- John McCarthy
- Alan Kay
- Tim Berners-Lee
- Alan Turing
Show Answer
Answer: D — Alan Turing proposed the test in his 1950 paper 'Computing Machinery and Intelligence'.
Q184. The Turing Test is designed to check whether?
- A machine is waterproof
- A computer is fast
- A robot can walk
- A machine can exhibit human-like intelligence
Show Answer
Answer: D — If a human judge cannot tell machine from human in conversation, the machine passes.
Q185. Who is often called the father of Artificial Intelligence? Expected 🔥
- Bill Gates
- Alan Turing
- Charles Babbage
- Steve Jobs
Show Answer
Answer: B — Alan Turing's foundational work on computation and machine intelligence earned him the title.
Q186. Narrow (Weak) AI refers to?
- AI that controls the world
- AI with human emotions
- AI that writes poetry only
- AI designed for one specific task
Show Answer
Answer: D — Narrow AI excels at one task (chess, voice assistants) but cannot do others.
Q187. General (Strong) AI refers to?
- Human-level intelligence across many tasks
- AI for one game only
- AI without electricity
- AI that needs no data
Show Answer
Answer: A — Strong AI would match human intelligence generally — it remains theoretical today.
Q188. Superintelligence refers to AI that?
- Works only at night
- Uses less memory
- Surpasses human intelligence in all areas
- Runs on batteries
Show Answer
Answer: C — Superintelligence would exceed the brightest human minds — a future hypothetical stage.
Q189. The term 'Machine Learning' was coined by?
- Alan Turing
- John McCarthy
- Arthur Samuel
- Geoffrey Hinton
Show Answer
Answer: C — Arthur Samuel coined 'machine learning' in 1959 while building a checkers program.
Q190. Deep learning mainly uses? Expected
- Deep oceans
- Deep hard disks
- Deep passwords
- Artificial neural networks with many layers
Show Answer
Answer: D — Deep learning stacks many neural layers to learn complex patterns from data.
Q191. In supervised learning, the model is trained on?
- Unlabelled data
- Labelled data with known answers
- No data at all
- Only images
Show Answer
Answer: B — Supervised learning learns from examples tagged with correct answers.
Q192. In unsupervised learning, the model?
- Copies human teachers
- Needs labelled answers
- Cannot learn
- Finds patterns in unlabelled data on its own
Show Answer
Answer: D — Unsupervised learning discovers hidden structure without correct-answer labels.
Q193. NLP in AI stands for?
- New Learning Program
- Neural Logic Processor
- Natural Language Processing
- National Language Policy
Show Answer
Answer: C — NLP lets machines understand and generate human language.
Q194. Computer vision enables machines to?
- See in the dark like owls
- Interpret and understand images and video
- Print photographs
- Hear sounds
Show Answer
Answer: B — Computer vision powers face unlock, self-driving cars and medical imaging.
Q195. An expert system is designed to? Expected 🔥
- Replace all computers
- Play video games
- Mimic the decision-making of a human expert
- Control traffic lights only
Show Answer
Answer: C — Expert systems encode specialist knowledge, e.g. for medical diagnosis.
Q196. ELIZA, developed in 1966, was?
- One of the first chatbots
- The first supercomputer
- The first e-mail program
- The first web browser
Show Answer
Answer: A — ELIZA (by Joseph Weizenbaum) simulated conversation and pioneered chatbots.
Q197. IBM's Deep Blue defeated whom in chess in 1997?
- Garry Kasparov
- Viswanathan Anand
- Magnus Carlsen
- Bobby Fischer
Show Answer
Answer: A — Deep Blue beat world champion Garry Kasparov — a landmark AI victory.
Q198. Google's AlphaGo defeated world champion Lee Sedol in which game and year?
- Chess, 1997
- Go, 2016
- Go, 2006
- Poker, 2019
Show Answer
Answer: B — AlphaGo's 2016 victory in Go showcased deep learning's power.
Q199. Siri, Alexa and Google Assistant are examples of?
- Operating systems
- Web browsers
- AI-based virtual assistants
- Antivirus programs
Show Answer
Answer: C — Virtual assistants use NLP and machine learning to understand voice commands.
Q200. Recommendation systems on Netflix and YouTube mainly use? Expected
- Random selection
- Manual curation only
- Television ratings
- AI/machine learning on user behaviour
Show Answer
Answer: D — Recommenders learn from viewing history to suggest what you may like next.
Q201. A chatbot is?
- A robot that walks
- A virus cleaner
- A chatting website
- An AI program that converses with humans
Show Answer
Answer: D — Chatbots use NLP to hold text or voice conversations with users.
Q202. AI is used in healthcare mainly for?
- Building hospitals
- Printing prescriptions
- Disease diagnosis from medical scans and data
- Cooking food
Show Answer
Answer: C — AI analyses X-rays, MRIs and patient data to assist doctors in diagnosis.
Q203. The term 'AI winter' refers to?
- AI working in cold places
- Periods of reduced funding and interest in AI research
- Winter sale of robots
- Freezing of computers
Show Answer
Answer: B — AI winters (1970s, late 1980s) followed unmet hype and funding cuts.
Q204. In machine learning, 'training data' means?
- Data about trains
- Deleted data
- The data used to teach the model
- Encrypted passwords
Show Answer
Answer: C — Models learn patterns from training data before being tested on new data.
Q205. An algorithm is? Expected 🔥
- A step-by-step procedure to solve a problem
- A type of hardware
- A music rhythm
- A computer virus
Show Answer
Answer: A — Algorithms are the precise recipes that programs and AI models follow.
Q206. Face unlock on smartphones mainly uses which AI technology?
- Computer vision (face recognition)
- Natural language processing
- Robotic arms
- Speech synthesis only
Show Answer
Answer: A — Face unlock analyses facial features using computer-vision models.
Q207. Self-driving cars make decisions using?
- Only a steering wheel
- Sensors combined with AI decision-making
- Only GPS maps
- Remote control by humans
Show Answer
Answer: B — Autonomous vehicles fuse camera, radar and lidar data through AI models.
Q208. Fuzzy logic is useful because it?
- Handles approximate reasoning with uncertainty
- Only works with 0 and 1
- Needs no input
- Removes all errors
Show Answer
Answer: A — Fuzzy logic reasons with degrees of truth (e.g. 'rather hot'), like humans do.
Q209. Strong (General) AI at present is?
- Still theoretical — not yet achieved
- Used in every phone
- Banned worldwide
- Older than narrow AI
Show Answer
Answer: A — Today's AI is narrow; human-level general AI has not been built yet.
Q210. Which programming language is most widely used for AI development today? Expected
- COBOL
- Python
- BASIC
- FORTRAN
Show Answer
Answer: B — Python's simple syntax and rich AI libraries (TensorFlow, PyTorch) make it the top AI language.
