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Noteclerical

Everyday science — physics, chemistry, biology, diseases, vitamins

Lesson 36 of 113

Is topic pe kya aata hai

Paper poochta hai: Newton ka unit, myopia kaun sa lens, pH 7 kya, photosynthesis kaun si gas, scurvy kaun si vitamin, malaria kaun sa machhar, insulin kahan. Yeh roz-marra science hai — Union Budget nahi, Preamble nahi, Ranthambore nahi.

Yahan lock

SI: force N, energy J, current A. Myopia concave, hypermetropia convex. Series I same, parallel V same. pH <7 acid. Air ~78% N₂. Mitochondria powerhouse. Fat-soluble ADEK. Anopheles–malaria, Aedes–dengue. Antibiotic virus pe nahi. BCG = TB.

Yahan mat ghusao

Fiscal 4.3%, GST 1 Jul, PM-KISAN 6000 — Indian economy. Art 32 / 543 — Constitution. Godawan, 5 NP — wildlife. Rampura-Agucha zinc khaan — Rajasthan economy. Dandi — INM.

Ek line: Kami ka rog vitamin/mineral se; sankramak jeevanu/virus/protozoa se. Scurvy ko malaria se mat jodna.

Physics — unit, bal, roshni, bijli

SI lock

RashiUnitTrap
Lambai / mass / timem / kg / sGram SI nahi; kg hai
Forcenewton N = kg·m/s²Joule energy hai, force nahi
Energy / work / heatjoule JWatt power hai (J/s)
Powerwatt WHorsepower coaching; SI W
Current / potential / resistanceampere A / volt V / ohm ΩV = IR (Ohm)
Frequency / pressure / chargehertz Hz / pascal Pa / coulomb C
Temperaturekelvin K0 °C = 273 K. Absolute zero −273 °C
  • Speed scalar, velocity vector (direction). Weight = mg, g ≈ 9.8 m/s². Mass constant, weight g pe.
  • Newton 1: inertia. 2: F = ma. 3: action–reaction equal opposite, alag bodies.
  • Work W = F s cosθ. KE ½mv². PE mgh.
  • Sound longitudinal, medium chahiye — vacuum mein nahi. Air ~330 m/s. Ultrasound >20 kHz (bat, SONAR). Light electromagnetic, vacuum mein chalti (~3×10⁸ m/s).
  • Heat: conduction (metal), convection (fluid), radiation (sooraj, vacuum OK). Paani ki specific heat oonchi — dheere garam.
  • India AC mains ~220 V, 50 Hz. Fuse / earthing safety. DC cell, AC ghar.

Aankh + lens

Myopia nazdeek; concave (−) Hypermetropia door; convex (+) Presbyopia umr; bifocal

Myopia = short-sight, image retina ke aage → diverging concave. Hypermetropia = long-sight, image peeche → converging convex. Convex mirror gaadi rear-view — yeh lens nahi.

  • Reflection: i = r. Refraction: denser medium, ray normal ki taraf.
  • Convex lens converge; concave lens diverge. Concave mirror real image (door object); convex mirror hamesha virtual, chhota.
  • Series: current same, R jod. Parallel: voltage same, 1/R jod. Ghar lights parallel — ek fuse, baaki chalein.

Chemistry — atom, pH, hawa, paani

  • Atom: proton (+, nucleus), neutron (0), electron (−, shell). Atomic number Z = protons. Mass number A = p+n. Isotope = same Z, alag A (¹H, ²H).
  • Molecule = bonded atoms. Compound = alag elements fixed ratio. Mixture alag nikaal sakte (air).
  • Acid sour, H⁺. Base bitter/slippery, OH⁻. Salt acid+base. Indicator: blue litmus acid mein red.
  • pH 0–14. 7 paani neutral. <7 acid (nimbu ~2). >7 base (soap). Blood ~7.4 thoda basic.
  • Air by volume: N₂ ~78%, O₂ ~21%, Ar ~0.9%, CO₂ ~0.03–0.04%. Photosynthesis CO₂ khaati, O₂ deti — yeh “hawa 50-50” nahi.
  • Hard water: Ca²⁺ / Mg²⁺. Sabun ke saath scum. Boil se temporary hard (bicarbonate) kam. Permanent sulphate/chloride — ion exchange / washing soda.
  • Rust: Fe + O₂ + H₂O. Galvanise = zinc coating (science). Rampura khaan RJ economy.
  • Carbon allotropes: diamond (hard, insulator), graphite (slip, conductor).
  • Ozone O₃ stratosphere — UV rok. CFC ozone hole. Greenhouse: CO₂, CH₄, N₂O — garmi pakad. Ozone hole ≠ global warming ek hi sawaal mat banao.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (chlorophyll + light). Respiration ulta: glucose + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + energy. Din plant net O₂ de sakta; raat sirf saans.

Biology — cell, shareer, hormone

HissaKaam
NucleusDNA, control. Prokaryote (bacteria) mein nucleus nahi.
MitochondriaPowerhouse — ATP, respiration.
ChloroplastSirf plant/algae — photosynthesis, chlorophyll.
RibosomeProtein. Cell wall plant = cellulose; fungus chitin.
RBCHemoglobin, O₂. Mature human RBC mein nucleus nahi.
WBC / plateletImmunity / clotting.
Heart4 chambers. Artery dil se door (pulmonary artery de-O₂ exception). Vein dil ki taraf.
KidneyNephron filter. Liver bile (emulsify fat, enzyme nahi).
Small intestineAbsorption, villi. Amylase starch, pepsin protein (stomach), lipase fat.
  • Blood group: A, B, AB, O + Rh. O⁻ books mein universal donor (RBC). AB⁺ universal recipient. Mix mat: O donor, AB recipient.
  • Adult bones ~206. Muscle pull, ligament bone-bone, tendon muscle-bone.
  • Brain: cerebrum soch, cerebellum balance, medulla involuntary (saans).
  • Hormones (ductless, blood): pituitary “master”. Insulin pancreas — glucose cell mein, kami = diabetes. Thyroxine thyroid, iodine. Adrenaline adrenal, fight-flight. Estrogen / testosterone gonads.
  • DNA double helix, gene, 23 pairs chromosome. RNA generally single. Mitosis body (same), meiosis gamete (half).
  • Ecosystem: producer (plant) → consumer → decomposer. Nitrogen cycle: bacteria fix N₂.

Rog, vector, vaccine

Sankramak = jeev se jeev. Kami-rog = vitamin/mineral (neeche). Lifestyle = diabetes type-2, BP — germ nahi.

RogKaaranLock
MalariaPlasmodium (protozoa)Female Anopheles. Fever cycle. Quinine/ACT books. Dengue nahi.
Dengue / chikungunyaVirusAedes (din, saaf paani). Platelet girna dengue famous.
FilariaWormCulex. Teen machhar teen rog — mix mat.
TBMycobacterium (bacteria)Phailu hawa. BCG vaccine. Antibiotic course lamba.
CholeraVibrio (bacteria)Ganda paani. Ulti-dast, dehydration. ORS.
TyphoidSalmonella typhiPaani/khana. Widal books.
HepatitisVirus (A/B/C…)Kaleja. B blood/sex; A food-water.
AIDSHIV virusCD4. Touch/machhar se nahi (standard book).
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2 virusAntibiotic pehle-hath nahi — virus.
RingwormFungusKeeda nahi. Antifungal.
Trap. Antibiotic = bacteria. Virus (flu, dengue, COVID, AIDS) pe kaam nahi — isliye “dengue ki goli antibiotic” galat. Vaccine antigen dikhati, memory. BCG = TB, OPV/IPV = polio, DPT = diphtheria–pertussis–tetanus, MMR = measles–mumps–rubella, Hep B = hepatitis B.

Kwashiorkor = protein kami (peta soojna). Marasmus = calorie kami (sukna). Ye vitamin table nahi, poshan hai.

Vitamin aur mineral

Fat-soluble A D E K — jigar mein store, zyada bhi nuksaan. Water-soluble B-complex + C — peshab se nikal, roz chahiye.

VitaminSource (book)Kami
A (retinol)Gajar, palak, liver, amla-ish booksNight blindness, xerophthalmia
D (calciferol)Dhoop, fish liver oilRickets (bachcha), osteomalacia (bada)
E (tocopherol)Oils, nutsAntioxidant books; fertility coaching extra
KHara saagClotting kami, khoon rukna mushkil
B1 (thiamine)Anaj, chhilka. Polished rice kamiBeriberi
B3 (niacin)Anaj, meatPellagra (4 D books)
B9 (folic acid)Hara saagPregnancy neural tube; anaemia
B12 (cobalamin)Animal foodPernicious anaemia
C (ascorbic)Nimbu, amla, guavaScurvy — masooda, ghaav dheere
MineralKami / kaam
Iron (Fe)Hemoglobin. Kami = anaemia, thakaan, paleness
Calcium (Ca)Haddi-daant. Vitamin D Ca absorb karti — D≠Ca
Iodine (I)Thyroxine. Kami = goitre (gala soojna). Iodised namak
FluorideDaant enamel. Zyada = fluorosis (RJ paani books — yahan chemistry; zila list admin pe)
Sodium / potassiumNerve impulse, fluid. ORS mein Na + glucose
Zinc (Zn)Enzyme, immunity — nutrient. Khaan Bhilwara economy

Night blindness ≠ rickets ≠ scurvy ≠ beriberi ≠ goitre ≠ anaemia. Paanch alag kami, paanch alag jawab.

Q-bank

Q1

Force ka SI unit?

  1. Joule
  2. Newton
  3. Watt
  4. Pascal

Solution

  1. F = ma

    J energy, W power, Pa pressure.

AnswerB
Q2

Myopia (nazdeek dikhe, door na dikhe) ka lens?

  1. Convex (+)
  2. Concave (−)
  3. Cylindrical (astigmatism) — myopia nahi
  4. Bifocal hi hamesha

Solution

  1. Diverge

    Image retina aage. Convex hypermetropia. Bifocal presbyopia.

AnswerB
Q3

pH 2 wala padarth?

  1. Saaf paani
  2. Tez acid (jaise nimbu-sirka range)
  3. Soap solution
  4. Blood

Solution

  1. <7 acid

    Paani 7. Soap >7. Blood ~7.4.

AnswerB
Q4

Scurvy kis vitamin ki kami?

  1. D — rickets
  2. C — ascorbic
  3. A — night blindness
  4. B1 — beriberi

Solution

  1. Masooda

    Nimbu-amla. D dhoop. A gajar. B1 chawal chhilka.

AnswerB
Q5

Malaria ka sahi jod?

  1. Aedes + virus
  2. Anopheles (female) + Plasmodium
  3. Culex + TB
  4. Housefly + HIV

Solution

  1. Teen machhar

    Aedes dengue. Culex filaria. TB hawa, machhar nahi. HIV machhar nahi.

AnswerB
Q6

Insulin kahan banti / kami?

  1. Thyroid, goitre
  2. Pancreas, diabetes
  3. Liver, bile shortage = night blindness
  4. Pituitary, scurvy

Solution

  1. Glucose

    Thyroxine iodine. Bile fat, vitamin A nahi. Scurvy C.

AnswerB
Q7

Hawa mein nitrogen lagbhag?

  1. 21%
  2. 78%
  3. 50%
  4. 4.3% (Budget jaisa)

Solution

  1. N₂

    21% O₂. 4.3% fiscal deficit, hawa nahi.

AnswerB
Q8

Antibiotic kis pe kaam?

  1. Har virus (dengue, COVID, flu)
  2. Bacteria (jaise TB, cholera) — virus pe nahi
  3. Vitamin C ki kami
  4. Only fungus

Solution

  1. Jeevanu

    Fungus antifungal. Vitamin khana/dawa alag.

AnswerB
Q9

Mitochondria ko powerhouse kyun?

  1. Photosynthesis yahin
  2. Respiration / ATP yahin
  3. DNA ka poora store sirf yahin (nucleus nahi)
  4. Blood group yahin decide

Solution

  1. ATP

    Chloroplast photosynthesis. Nucleus DNA. Blood group RBC antigens.

AnswerB
Q10

GST 1 Jul, Art 32, Godawan. Is chapter?

  1. Haan, teenon vitamin
  2. Nahi — economy / Constitution / wildlife
  3. Haan, Godawan = Aedes
  4. Haan, 32 = pH 32

Solution

  1. Fence

    Yahan scurvy, Anopheles, newton, concave.

AnswerB

Practice

12345 678910
P1

Goitre kis mineral ki kami?

  1. Iron
  2. Iodine
  3. Calcium
  4. Fluoride

Solution

  1. Gala

    Iodised namak. Fe anaemia. Ca haddi. F daant/fluorosis.

AnswerB
P2

Rickets kis se?

  1. Vitamin C
  2. Vitamin D (dhoop / Ca absorb)
  3. Vitamin K
  4. Vitamin B1

Solution

  1. Haddi bachcha

    C scurvy. K clotting. B1 beriberi.

AnswerB
P3

Series circuit mein kya same?

  1. Voltage har bulb pe hamesha equal, current alag
  2. Current same, resistance jod
  3. Na current na voltage
  4. Sirf 220 V lock, Ohm nahi

Solution

  1. Ek nali

    Parallel mein V same. Ghar parallel.

AnswerB
P4

Sound vacuum mein?

  1. Nahi — medium chahiye
  2. Haan, light ki tarah
  3. Sirf ultrasound
  4. Sirf 50 Hz

Solution

  1. Tarang

    Light EM, vacuum OK. Moon pe chillana nahi.

AnswerA
P5

Hard water mein mainly?

  1. NaCl namak hi
  2. Ca²⁺ / Mg²⁺
  3. Vitamin C
  4. Ozone

Solution

  1. Scum

    Temporary bicarbonate boil. NaCl alag. O₃ UV.

AnswerB
P6

Photosynthesis kaun si gas chhodti?

  1. Sirf CO₂
  2. O₂ (CO₂ leti hai)
  3. N₂ 78%
  4. Methane Budget gas

Solution

  1. Equation

    Respiration O₂ leti CO₂ deti. Raat plant net O₂ nahi.

AnswerB
P7

BCG vaccine kis ke khilaf?

  1. Polio
  2. TB
  3. Measles
  4. Tetanus akela TT

Solution

  1. Bacillus Calmette–Guérin

    OPV polio. MMR measles. DPT/TT tetanus.

AnswerB
P8

O blood group books mein?

  1. Universal donor (RBC)
  2. Universal recipient
  3. Sirf malaria host
  4. Insulin banati

Solution

  1. Antigen kam

    AB recipient. Rh alag layer. Pancreas insulin.

AnswerA
P9

Convex mirror gaadi mein kyun?

  1. Hamesha virtual, chhota, bada field
  2. Myopia theek karta
  3. Real inverted image road pe
  4. pH naape

Solution

  1. Rear-view

    Myopia lens concave. Mirror ≠ lens.

AnswerA
P10

Rampura zinc khaan, 543 Lok Sabha, Dandi. Is chapter?

  1. Haan, teenon mitochondria
  2. Nahi — RJ economy / Constitution / INM
  3. Haan, Dandi = scurvy (namak = Na, vitamin C)
  4. Haan, 543 = pH

Solution

  1. Alag

    Zn nutrient yahan; khaan wahan. Namak iodise goitre, Dandi andolan nahi.

AnswerB

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